Purpose of the research. This article attempts to analyze the degree of import dependence of Kazakhstan’s economic sectors and further defines product groups that import could be substituted by the local production. Methodology. Quantitative research analysis is conducted by using dataset and contemporary methodology of the United Nations Broad Economic Categories classification. Calculations of the coefficients of the Rotterdam model were made using the apparently unrelated regression method. It was assumed that the cost reduction will lead to a significant increase in the production of goods, thereby defining import substitution economic activities.

Originality / value is confirmed and justified by the lack of in-depth research to determine specific types of economic activities for which Kazakhstan can replace imports. Furthermore, the practical value of this study also concerns government reforms to identify industries that require government support measures.

Findings. Key findings of the article include selected 29 economic activities, import of which can be potentially substituted by the domestic production. For these selected industries, the coefficients of cross-elasticity of the production of domestic goods at prices for imported goods turned out to be significant. Results of the Rotterdam model suggested that an increase in prices for imported goods by 1 % leads to an increase in demand for domestic products from 0.09 to 4.99 % in these selected industries.

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that as part of strategic tourism development planning, benchmarking of state tourism development concepts is necessary to take effective measures to improve the position of the tourism industry in Kazakhstan.

The aim of the study is to identify best practices in the development and implementation of tourism development programs, as well as to identify problems and shortcomings in current tourism development programs in Kazakhstan.

The methodology used includes benchmarking of tourism development concepts in leading foreign countries and analysis of the tourism development program of Kazakhstan.

The value of the study lies in the opportunity to identify problems and shortcomings in current tourism development programs in Kazakhstan and to identify best practices in the development and implementation of tourism development programs based on foreign experience. Adapting and applying them will improve the position of the tourism sector in Kazakhstan, increase the flow of tourists, and contribute to the country's economic development.

The research results have identified untapped potential in the marketing efforts of the tourism industry, particularly in the areas of marketing research, the use of digital tools, and the need to adapt tourism programs to target markets to enhance competitiveness. The findings of the study highlight the significance of marketing in tourism development. Leading countries actively utilize marketing strategies and digital tools to attract tourists and strengthen their positions in the global market.

The purpose of the research is to study characteristics of corporate culture in Kazakhstan, as well as the main factors having an impact on its development. A separate research question is to understand how the importance of building a healthy corporate culture is viewed in the country as a whole.

Methodology. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this paper. Analysis of the materials on the topic being considered based on the scientific materials and publications in mass media acted as qualitative research methods (discourse and content analysis). As quantitative: an expert survey conducted in 2022, which was attended by 128 experts from trade unions, company management, experts in the field of social and labor relations, economists, political scientists and public figures.

Originality / value of the research. The research presents factors that hinder or limit the development of the healthy corporate culture, taking into account Kazakhstani, country specifics, which makes the work valuable. Results of the research. The results of the paper include the author's assessment of the hierarchy of factors limiting the development of the corporate culture in Kazakhstani companies. Among them: the impact of the environment, namely the uncertainty of the rules of the game, the lack of strategic plans for the development of most companies, which is reflected in the orientation to maximize profits from transactions without a long-term perspective. Another factor is poor quality management; in Kazakhstan realities this factor is not given so much importance in understanding its influence on corporate culture of companies. Nevertheless, according to ECPM research, poor management is the second most important cause of social and labor conflicts in the country. In the same context, authoritarian management style, hierarchical approach in decision-making in the company also act as a significant factor hindering the development of a healthy corporate culture.

The aim of this study is to explore personnel management strategies during economic downturns and crises in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Effective human resource management during a crisis is a critical topic that demands attention from both employers and the state.

Methodology. This article presents proven methods of human resource management that are specifically tailored to enterprises facing crisis conditions. Additionally, it explores the administrative impact and regulatory mechanisms that can effectively resolve difficult situations in the labor market and contribute to the preservation of staff in enterprises.

The research methodology employed in this article includes analysis, data collection and processing, statistical observation and comparison, and comparative methods.

Originality / value of the research. The article's originality and scientific value are also noted. The presented work has scientific value due to its focus on personnel management in enterprises during times of crisis. It explores various methods in this area, with a particular emphasis on the regulation of average monthly salaries.

Findings. The research results demonstrate that the causes of organizational insolvency can be identified by collecting and analyzing bankruptcy information. Furthermore, the study recommends anti-crisis human resource management methods that consider changes in labor market supply and demand to assist organizations in overcoming crises.

Purpose of the research. Conduct a gender analysis of the main labour market indicators to identify and assess differences in labour opportunities, wages, employment levels and career development between men and women in the labour market. The study aims to identify factors that influence gender inequalities.

Methodology. The study applied methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical and comparative analysis to understand gender aspects in the labour market. A systematic review of scientific works in both domestic and foreign literature was conducted, focusing on digital innovations to eliminate gender inequalities. The analysis of policy programmes and statistics has deepened the understanding of the labour market in the context of gender equality.

Originality / research value of the research. The article analyses key indicators of the labor market by gender with an emphasis on influence of gender factors on human capital. The main problems of employment have been identified and a comparison with the results of advanced countries has been made, which allowed to assess their impact on gender equality.

Findings. A study of the labour market in the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019-2022) shows a steady increase in employment, mainly among men, but with an increase in the gender gap in 2022. The proportion of women in leadership positions is declining. The introduction of flexible forms of employment from 2023 can help reduce gender inequalities. The adoption of the Social Code and regional quotas emphasized the desire for social justice but required additional efforts to achieve full gender equality.

Purpose of the research is to identify and forecast macroeconomic determinants affecting the quality of life in Kazakhstan.

Research methodology. The study uses the method of comparing the growth rates of various macroeconomic indicators over time, which allows for an assessment of the situation over a period. The heterogeneity of economic process factors requires the use of more advanced and disaggregated methods for forecasting determinants affecting the quality of life of the population. The interrelationship between factors such as wages, income, expenses, and poverty in Kazakhstan is analyzed using the vector autoregression (VAR) model. Analyzing these variables helps to understand their impact on the poverty level. The results show that an increase in GDP growth, short-term economic indicators, and wages can improve the real income of the population and reduce the poverty level.

Originality / value of the research. The study evaluates macroeconomic determinants affecting the quality of life in Kazakhstan, considering its characteristics as a small open economy.

Findings. A positive correlation was found between GDP growth, short-term economic indicators, and wages with an improvement in the real income of the population and a reduction in the poverty level.

Purpose of the research – To study the role of digital technologies and their impact on economic development in Kazakhstan, to analyze the impact of digitalization on key macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as GDP), gross value added (hereinafter referred to as GVA) and the unemployment rate, taking into account factors – total costs of information and communication technologies (hereinafter referred to as – ICT), the use of computers in organizations and Internet access.

Research methodology. The study was conducted using methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy and econometric modeling to assess the impact of information technology on the macroeconomic indicators of Kazakhstan.

Originality / value of the research. The study provides a unique analysis of the impact of digitalization on the economy of Kazakhstan, taking into account its specifics, the structure of the economy and political initiatives such as Digital Kazakhstan. The study goes beyond GDP growth by examining the impact on gross value added and unemployment, using econometric modeling to quantify the relationships between ICT investment, computer use, Internet access, and macroeconomic indicators. By identifying key factors and challenges, the study provides valuable information to stakeholders shaping Kazakhstan's digital future and contributes to a broader discussion of digital transformation in emerging economies.

Research results. The study used national accounts data and ICT indicators from the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the economy. The study showed that the costs of ICT, computer use and Internet access have a positive impact on GDP and GVA, which indicates a close link between the introduction of digital technologies and economic growth. The authors have identified a negative impact on the unemployment rate from the factors of investment in ICT and Internet access. This indicates the positive impact of digitalization on the labor market. However, the role of computer usage requires further study.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the prospects for the development of the gold mining industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan with an emphasis on the use of technology for the preliminary beneficiation of low-ash ores, as well as to conduct mathematical modeling to optimize beneficiation processes and increase mining efficiency.

Methodology. The methodological basis of this study is to conduct a systematic analysis using theoretical and empirical methods, as well as quantitative research methods. The methodology and methodology of correlation analysis involve the calculation and prediction of not only the values of correlation coefficients, but also the mandatory verification of their statistical significance.

The originality / value of the study lies in its methodological assessment and identification of prospects for the use of pre-processing technology for low-gold ore in the gold mining industry. The emphasis is on system analysis, the use of theoretical and empirical methods, as well as quantitative research methods. All this gives the study significance and practical applicability in the field of development of the gold mining industry.

Findings. The historical changes in the supply and demand of gold in Kazakhstan are analyzed. The dynamics of gold production in the country for 2022 and changes in the extraction of gold-bearing ores are considered. The gross international reserves of Kazakhstan and their connection with the activities of the gold mining industry have been studied. The export and import of gold in Kazakhstan and their impact on the balance of foreign trade are analyzed. Correlation analysis of influencing factors in the gold mining industry: The direct and indirect factors influencing the gold mining industry are selected. The relationships and correlations between the selected variables are analyzed. Forecasts on the volume of key factors affecting the gold mining industry in Kazakhstan are provided. Potential trends in the development of the industry in the future have been identified. The summarized results of the study provide valuable information about the state and prospects of the gold mining industry in Kazakhstan, as well as help form the basis for decision-making in this area.

The purpose of the research is to delve into the intersection of renewable energy sources and artificial intelligence in Kazakhstan. It aims to uncover the potential benefits, challenges, and overall impact on the country's economy and energy sector, offering a fresh perspective on this emerging field.

Research methodology adopts a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both systematic review and comprehensive research methods. Data is gathered through academic databases, journals, relevant literature analysis, and case studies, which offer practical insights into the applications and outcomes of AI-driven renewable energy projects in Kazakhstan.

Originality / value of the research is unique in its focus on the intersection of artificial intelligence and renewable energy within the specific context of Kazakhstan. It offers valuable insights into how emerging technologies can drive economic growth and sustainability in a developing country and provides practical strategies for harnessing these opportunities. The study significantly contributes to the literature by providing a deep and comprehensive analysis of the economic implications and strategic opportunities associated with this integration.

The research findings reveal that the application of artificial intelligence to renewable energy sources in Kazakhstan can significantly enhance energy efficiency, reduce costs, and increase the reliability of energy supply. Moreover, it identifies several key economic opportunities, including job creation, technological ad- vancement and the capacity for the state to establish the regional leadership regarding the renewable energy. This study reveals the challenges and requirements for the significant funding into the infrastructure, personnel development, regulatory amendments, setting a roadmap for policymakers and industry professionals.

Purpose of the research – the purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative bibliometric analysis of foreign and domestic approaches to studying the subject area of energy security in the context of the broader concept of public administration of the energy sector.

Methodology – this work uses qualitative and quantitative research methods. For bibliometric analysis, carried out using the VOSviewer program, a sample of scientific papers published between 2010 and 2023 was collected. in Scopus rating journals. To collect materials from the List of publications recommended by the Committee for Education and Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the scientific electronic library Elibrary.ru was used. Bibliometric analysis of works from peer-reviewed Kazakh journals was carried out using Elibrary.ru publication analysis tools.

Originality / value of the research – analysis of current trends in the study of the subject area of energy security in the context of public administration of the energy sector will allow us to assess the current state of research in this area, identify differences in the study of energy security by foreign and domestic authors, and also provide recommendations for further areas of research in this area.

Findings – this article analyzes the publications of Scopus and Committee on Quality Assurance in the Field of Science and Higher Education of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors come to the conclusion that foreign researchers are more focused on the environmental aspects of ensuring energy safety. At the same time, domestic scientific works place greater emphasis on the management and economic aspects of energy security, including sustainable development.

Purpose of the research. The aim of the study is to elucidate the role of non-governmental organizations in facilitating the social adaptation and professional orientation of the younger generation in the country as a process of providing human resources for the country's economy.
Methodology. The research employed systemic, statistical, and comparative analysis methods to assess the role of non-governmental organizations in supporting the socio-professional orientation of young people in Kazakhstan. The authors conducted a literature review of scholarly works on the research topic, which allowed for the examination of similar trends and effective approaches of advanced countries to address this issue, as well as to identify key aspects contributing to the successful socio-professional orientation of young people in the country.
Originality / value of the research. The originality and value of the study lie in examining and evaluating the role of non-governmental organizations in supporting the socio-professional orientation of youth in Kazakhstan, taking into account the changes in institutional frameworks in accordance with the new reality. This understanding underscores that effective youth support requires not only the development of corresponding programs and projects but also the alteration of institutional mechanisms in such a way that these programs are successfully implemented and bring maximum benefit to society.
Findings. Key aspects related to youth's choice of professional path, crucial for Kazakhstani youth, have been identified. At this stage, young people encounter a range of issues. It has been revealed that the adaptation of institutional mechanisms contributes to the more effective functioning of non-governmental organizations and increases their influence on the socio-professional orientation of youth. Practical recommendations for enhancing interaction between governmental and non-governmental organizations to ensure the most effective support for the socio-professional orientation of youth in Kazakhstan have been formulated. The role of nongovernmental organizations in strengthening institutional capacity in ensuring more consistent, result-oriented support for youth has been justified. 

The purpose of the research is to provide valuable insights into the grain industry, including aspects of production, management and business processes.

The research methodology is based on content analysis, analysis of the general trend of growing interest in the grain industry, grain business management, comparative analysis and an integrated approach to the study of data.

The originality / value of the research lies in the in–depth analysis and trends in the academic literature on the grain industry, grain business management by keywords. By analyzing the data, the study provides a basis for practical recommendations and development in the field of grain business management.

The results of the study revealed that the grain industry is exposed to a variety of factors, including production fluctuations, consumer and global changes. The analysis of percentage changes in the market structure highlights the need for effective production and resource management for sustainable development in a dynamic business environment and the implementation of grain business. The results of the content analysis, according to keywords, help in developing a theoretical framework, identifying gaps in knowledge and a deep understanding of a specific topic for the formulation of research questions.

Purpose of the research: To analyze the development of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in single-industry towns of Kazakhstan and develop recommendations to increase their entrepreneurial potential.

Methodology: The research uses methods of statistical and system analysis, data grouping, and comparative analysis.

Originality / Value: The research identifies problems and opportunities for SME diversification in Kazakhstan's single-industry towns, offering recommendations adapted to their socio-economic characteristics. This localized approach provides valuable insights for policymakers on enhancing competitiveness and economic diversification.

Findings: Single-industry towns in Kazakhstan are grouped into four categories based on SME development: leaders (Temirtau, Zhanaozen, Ekibastuz), average level (Rudny, Zhezkazgan, Kulsary, Balkhash), few SMEs (Satpayev, Ridder, Aksu), and critically few SMEs (Kurchatov, Karazhal, Serebryansk, Karatau). The study reveals significant differences in SME development due to demographic factors, with larger cities showing higher SME activity. To increase the entrepreneurial potential and diversify the economy of single-industry towns, recommendations are offered on the creation of cooperative production and service chains and clusters around city-forming enterprises, infrastructure development, development of social, environmental, tourism and PPP projects. It is recommended to use a marketing approach to the development of SMEs in single-industry towns of Kazakhstan, which contributes to economic and social benefits.

Purpose – This study investigates the influence of age on entrepreneurial propensity among graduates of musical universities in Kazakhstan, aiming to identify strategies for fostering entrepreneurship within the creative industries.

Methodology – An in-depth expert opinion survey was conducted with 22 industry experts, divided into two age groups: under 34 years old and 35 years and above. The McKinsey matrix was employed to analyze the weight and expressiveness of ten crucial criteria for entrepreneurial success, providing a comparative assessment of the two age groups.

Originality / value – The research offers novel insights into the interplay between age, individual characteristics, and contextual factors shaping entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors among musicians. It proposes tailored strategies to nurture entrepreneurship within the creative industries, addressing the specific needs and challenges of different age groups.

Findings – The findings reveal distinct entrepreneurial prospects and needs for the two age groups. Younger musicians demonstrate strong potential but lack business skills and state support, while older musicians require continuous adaptation to modern technologies and market demands. Recommendations include specialized training programs, masterclasses, government initiatives, streamlined administrative processes, and enhanced communication about support measures.

The purpose of the study is to assess the prospects and possible consequences of the introduction of digital tenge in the economy of Kazakhstan.

Methodology. The research methodology includes a sequential consideration of the development of digital currencies in different countries, analysing the development and features of the digital tenge, as well as determining the prospects and consequences of the use of digital tenge in Kazakhstan.

Originality / value. The relevance of this research is driven by the rapid development of digital technologies and their integration into the global financial system. The introduction of CBDCs involves not only technical and economic aspects but also regulation, security, and their impact on traditional financial systems and society. The research problem is the need to comprehensively analyse the implications of the introduction of national digital currencies for macroeconomic stability, the banking sector, monetary policy and transaction privacy. Particular attention is required to assess how national digital currencies may affect traditional banking operations, in particular banks' deposit bases and their ability to lend. There is uncertainty about how the introduction of CBDCs will affect international payments and settlement systems, as well as the financial system's resilience to cyberattacks and fraud. Another aspect of the problem concerns the legal framework necessary to ensure the effective functioning and security of national digital currencies, as well as the protection of users' rights. No less important is the issue of balancing the need for transparency of financial transactions to combat crime and the need to protect users' privacy.

Findings: assessment of the advantages and risks of the introduction of national digital currencies; analysis of pilot projects and approbation of the digital tenge; study of the impact of the digital tenge on the financial system and economy of Kazakhstan; identification of prospects for the integration of the digital tenge with international payment systems.

The purpose of this study is to develop a cross-factor model for assessing ESG risks in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The research methodology involves using cross-factor modeling with standard multivariate statistical methods, including multiple regression analysis, to assess ESG risks in Kazakhstan from 2010 to 2020. The methodology incorporates environmental, economic, and social components into a model, calculating their respective sums and determining the integral ESG indicator (I) through normalization and weighted averaging. The final stage involves conducting regression analysis to determine the coefficients for each component, ensuring that the model accurately reflects the impact of these factors on the region's economic security.

The orginality / value of the research: This model aims to evaluate the mutual and combined effects of various ESG factors on integral indicators, with the goal of understanding how these factors can lead to reputational or financial damage to companies. By defining and measuring three structural components— environmental, economic, and social—the study constructs a set of indicators for each component and employs multiple regression analysis to build a comprehensive model and determine the coefficients for an integral ESG indicator.

Findings. To assess ESG risks in Kazakhstan, cross-factor analysis methods are recommended, enabling the determination and justification of each factor's numerical contribution to the integral indicator. Recent dynamics in implementing ESG principles in Kazakhstan's corporate practice are uneven, influenced by factors such as company publicity and sector-specific ESG risks. Regulatory changes, including updates to the Environmental and Entrepreneurial Codes and ESG reporting requirements, create incentives for corporations to adopt ESG principles, necessitating further regulatory improvements and increased business community awareness.