The purpose of the study is to review the state policies of the EAEU countries aimed at improving the financial literacy of the population in order to identify the prerequisites for creating unified approaches to the implementation of state policies in the field of improving financial literacy.
Methodology. The research methods used were content analysis aimed at studying state policy in the field of financial literacy. A systemic and comparative analysis of documents and legislative acts in the field of state policy to improve the financial literacy of the country's population was used.
Originality / value of the study. In 2025, it is planned to complete the process of creating a single financial market of the EAEU. The creation of a single market for financial services entails the need to ensure not only equal access for EAEU members, but also the protection of the rights of consumers of financial services and their adaptation to the new rules. The convergence of financial policies and the creation of a single financial market of the EAEU countries, the expansion of the range of financial services, the use of new technologies, the growth of financial fraudulent transactions necessitate the protection of the interests of consumers. To solve these problems, it is necessary not only to use the experience of the EAEU countries in improving the financial literacy of the population, but also to strengthen cooperation and coordination of information exchange at the intercountry level. In this regard, a review of financial literacy policies in the EAEU countries was conducted. General trends were identified and the prerequisites for creating unified approaches to the implementation of state policies to improve financial literacy were considered. A comparative analysis of state policies in the EAEU countries has not been extensively analyzed, which makes this study relevant.
Research results. Based on the results of the study, the authors analyzed state policies in the field of financial literacy of the population of the EAEU countries, conducted a comparative analysis of the models for managing financial literacy programs in the EAEU countries, and identified the advantages and disadvantages of each model. A comparison of the indicators of the level of financial literacy in the EAEU countries was carried out, and the prerequisites for creating unified approaches to the implementation of state policies in the EAEU countries were considered.

Demographic processes are closely linked to economic problems, which is especially evident in the regions of Kazakhstan. Thus, population and labour force development trends are often not considered when developing programmes for the economic development of areas. The purpose of the study is to forecast the demographic situation in the regions of Kazakhstan, taking into account the peculiarities of their socio-economic development. Forecasts of the size and structure of the population are developed based on an analysis of trends in demographic processes and their cause-and-effect relationships with socio-economic processes. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics and the 2021 Population Census were used for calculations. For future calculations of the age-sex structure of the population, the method of moving age groups was used, which allows us to simultaneously take into account the impact of changes in both the age-sex structure of the population and fertility and mortality trends. The main result is the receipt of reliable and high-quality data on the size and composition of the population of the country's regions based on the study and analysis of quantitative and qualitative patterns of phenomena and processes occurring in the age-sex composition of the population. Studying patterns of change in the age and sex structure of the population as a result of fertility, mortality, and migration processes will allow an assessment of the differences that exist at the regional level for regional planning and decision-making on the appropriate allocation of resources in areas such as education, health, and social security.

Purpose of the study. It is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications devoted to the issues of state support for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) using the Scopus database. The study analyzed the main trends in publications on this topic between 2010 and 2025, identified the factors that influenced them, and determined the leading authors, countries, and organizations, as well as the main topics and areas of research.

Methodology. Based on bibliometric analysis tools, including digital processing of Scopus data using the VOSviewer 1.6.20 software. An analysis was conducted for the specified period. Methods of co-author analysis, keyword analysis and communication between countries and organizations were used, which allowed the visualization of scientific networks and thematic clusters.

The value of the study itself. A comprehensive assessment of global scientific interest in supporting small and medium-sized businesses involves addressing issues related to this support, which not only reveals gaps in scientific research but also identifies promising areas for further study. The work is especially relevant in the context of the post-pandemic economic recovery, when the role of state support for SMEs is growing.

Research results. It showed a steady increase in the number of publications on the topic, an active participation of the countries of Europe, Asia and the United States, as well as a high interest in issues of digitalization, subsidies, financial inclusion and institutional support for SMEs. The results of the analysis can be useful both for the scientific community and for state structures in the formation of an effective policy to support small and medium-sized businesses.

The purpose of the study - to analyze the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including strategic programs aimed at addressing the challenges of intellectual migration and the outflow of human capital, with a particular focus on educational migration as a socio-cultural and economic foundation for sustainable development.

Research methodology - is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches: a content analysis of five key strategic documents covering the period from 27 to 223 was conducted, along with the analysis of official statistics from the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan, the International Organization for Migration, and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This allowed the study to trace the evolution of national policy in the field of intellectual migration and to assess its effectiveness.

Originality / value of the study - The originality of the research lies in a comprehensive assessment of Kazakhstan’s state policy in terms of its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and in identifying institutional reasons for the low efficiency of existing mechanisms for attracting, retaining, and reintegrating highly qualified specialists. Recommendations are proposed based on international best practices (China, India, South Korea) and adapted to the Kazakhstani context.

Results of the study - The study demonstrates that approaches to state regulation of intellectual migration in Kazakhstan have evolved: from fragmented mentions in early strategic documents to a more systematic understanding of the issue in recent years. However, in practice, measures to attract and retain intellectual resources remain insufficiently developed due to the absence of a unified strategy integrating migration, education, and innovation policies, weak inter-agency coordination, and limited incentives for specialists to return. In conclusion, the paper formulates recommendations aimed at strengthening strategic measures and integrating intellectual migration policy into the broader context of sustainable development.

Purpose of the study. The purpose of this article is to identify regional imbalances in migration flows in Kazakhstan and to examine their relationship with household income and expenditure. The study seeks to provide an objective regional assessment and to trace how educational mobility transforms the structure of human capital. Particular attention is given to shifts within the aspirations–capabilities framework [1] and to the processes of migration intellectualization [2], which enable migration to be conceptualized not merely as a quantitative outflow, but also as a qualitative redistribution of knowledge and competencies.

Methodology. The empirical basis of the study consists of data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2000–2024), official statistical resources (taldau.stat.gov.kz), as well as international databases of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [3], [4], the International Organization for Migration [5], the International Center for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) [6], and Open Doors [7]. Four groups of indicators were employed for a comprehensive assessment: (1) household income, expenditure, and poverty levels; (2) demographic indicators (fertility, household structure, urbanization); (3) migration data (balances of external and internal migration, flows by country and region, educational mobility); and (4) social infrastructure (availability of universities, number of students). Comparative and structural analysis methods were applied to assess the relationships between income, expenditure, fertility, and migration flows. In addition, an index-based approach was used to evaluate regional migration attractiveness, supplemented by regional cluster analysis, which allowed for the identification of “donor” and “recipient” regions of human capital.

Originality / value. For the first time, educational mobility is analyzed within the context of regional migration imbalances and socio-economic development indicators. The study highlights previously overlooked interconnections between migration flows, household income and expenditure, and the demographic structure of regions. Its novelty lies in the interpretation of migration not only as a quantitative outflow, but also as a process of intellectualization and redistribution of human capital. This approach enables the identification of hidden factors of resilience and vulnerability: from the ability of high-fertility regions to partially offset population losses to the risks faced by economically prosperous territories, where educational mobility becomes a channel for the long-term outflow of human capital, thereby reinforcing regional disparities and influencing national sustainable development trajectories.

Results. Despite fluctuations in migration volumes over the past five years, Kazakhstan continues to serve as a stable source of “brain drain” [8]. The country’s role as a provider of human capital is reinforced by persistent regional differences in migration motivations, which carry additional risks for long-term sustainable development. At the same time, high poverty levels constrain mobility, generating the phenomenon of “involuntary immobility.” Regional specificity is reflected in a persistent asymmetric: northern and eastern regions act as donors of qualified human capital, while southern and western regions offset migration losses through higher fertility and internal migration flows. Educational migration has become entrenched as a primary channel of “brain drain,” encompassing predominantly highly qualified professional groups (teachers, economists, lawyers, engineers), thereby amplifying risks to innovation-driven growth and macroeconomic stability. In sum, the study documents the institutionalization of educational mobility as a structural determinant of the spatial redistribution of human capital and underscores the need for regionally differentiated migration policy measures aimed at minimizing demographic and socio-economic imbalances. More broadly, the findings emphasize the importance of integrating region-specific instruments into migration policy, including measures to mitigate regional demographic risks and to promote the repatriation of skilled professionals as a means of strengthening national human potential.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics and regional characteristics of poverty across the regions of Kazakhstan.

The main objective of the study is to describe the changes in poverty levels and identify the key socioeconomic factors influencing these changes.

The research methodology includes time-series and comparative analysis, correlation and regression modeling, as well as the application of Granger causality and VAR forecasting methods.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of quantitative models that describe the relationships between factors affecting poverty, while accounting for regional specificities.

The findings reveal that poverty is closely associated not only with income levels but also with unemployment, population density, and the state of infrastructure. To ensure the effective implementation of poverty reduction policies, comprehensive and regionally differentiated approaches are proposed.

The purpose of the study - is to assess the impact of environmental factors on the health of the population in the mono cities of the Karaganda region in the framework of achieving sustainable development goals, as well as to provide recommendations for reducing environmental hazards and improving the quality of life.

Research methodology. In the course of the study, in order to identify the relationship between environmental factors in the monofunctional towns of the Karagandy region — including atmospheric air pollution and the population’s morbidity rate — the following methods were used: comparative analysis, risk assessment based on permissible concentration limits, biostatistical analysis, and SWOT analysis.

Originality (value) of the study. The article evaluates the industrial structure, environmental load, and ecological sustainability of mono cities rich in natural underground resources, such as Karaganda, Saran, Abay, Shakhtinsk, Balkhash, and Temirtau. The role of the relationship between these indicators and their impact on the health of the population in resource-extracting cities was also investigated. The results of this research can be used in the development of environmental, economic, and social programs and projects for regional development.

Results of the study. The results of a comprehensive study of the environmental status of the mono cities in the Karaganda region indicate the need for new directions to enhance the sustainability of these cities and improve their environmental condition. The primary source of improvement in the ecological state of mono cities is considered to be the introduction of “green” technologies or economic diversification, which will contribute to their socio-ecological-economic development. The article theoretically complements the research in the field of urban ecological sustainability and provides theoretical and practical recommendations for fostering the industrial transformation of resource-oriented mono cities, enhancing their ecological sustainability, and forming an ecological civilization in resource-based cities.

Risk as an Element of the Economic Life of Society Accompanies the Activities of Organizations in Unstable Market Conditions. Modern trends lead to a rapid increase in the volume and diversity of data used in predictive models, characterizing logistics processes and determining the relevance of studying experiences and development features.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the modeling of logistics processes under risk conditions. Changes in the national economy require restructuring supply chains to maintain procurement and supplies from abroad. Many businesses are forced to find new suppliers and partners in previously unconsidered countries. This restructuring increases logistics risks, emphasizing the importance of their timely and comprehensive analysis and assessment.

Research Methodology. The study is based on scientific methods such as dynamic series analysis and theoretical generalization. Approaches to modeling logistics processes under risk conditions were analyzed and generalized using research by Kazakhstani scientists in supply chain management. The limitations of logistics risk modeling were substantiated, and key directions for scientific research were identified.

Originality (value) of the research lies in describing the main qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing logistics risks and their application specifics.

Research Results. The study developed requirements for an ideal logistics process model, combining the advantages and addressing the shortcomings of existing methods. The key ultimate goal for the proposed model was also formulated. This research contributes to understanding and improving logistics process modeling under conditions of uncertainty.

Purpose – main purpose of the research paper to determine the impact of green human resource management on organizational citizenship behavior in the hotel industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where a green economy is developing, and to propose measures aimed at voluntary environmental behavior of employees.

Methodology. The study included a system analysis method, a review of scientific and journalistic literature, and a survey of respondents, on the basis of which the results of the study were obtained.

Originality / value. The authors of the article have identified current issues in the development of hotel sector management, namely, environmentally friendly human resource management in the hotel business of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The recommendations proposed by the authors are of practical interest and will contribute to further research.

Findings. The authors of the article substantiate the influence of environmental methods of human resource management on organizational behavior in the hotel business. Promising directions for stimulating environmental behavior of employees through the interaction of three components are identified: training, increasing productivity and employee involvement. Based on the results of the study, measures for human resource management aimed at voluntary environmental behavior of employees are proposed.

The purpose of the research – to identify inconsistencies in the current regulation of public interest entities in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to develop proposals for its optimization.

Methodology – analysis of normative acts, comparative legal analysis and generalization of international experience.

Originality/value – the originality of the study lies in a detailed comparison of Kazakhstani and international approaches to the regulation of public interest entities.

Findings – as a result, recommendations are proposed for harmonizing the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regarding the regulation of public interest entities with international standards.

Purpose of the research. The main aim of this work is to study the potential of blockchain technology and the "social wallet" concept to transform the social support system for the visually impaired in Kazakhstan. The research is focused on developing a model aimed at increasing the system's transparency, efficiency, and the financial autonomy of its recipients.

Methodology. The research methodology includes an interdisciplinary analysis that combines social welfare theory, conceptual modeling of blockchain-based technological solutions (smart contracts, DID, DAO), and economic analysis. A financial flow model for the "social wallet" (Stotal=B+D+G) was developed and quantitatively validated using public data on social payments and market prices in Kazakhstan.

Originality / value of the research. The originality of this work lies in developing the first comprehensive model applying blockchain technology to solve the specific problems of social protection for the visually impaired within the context of Kazakhstan. The value of the research consists in proposing a practical, inclusive tool (the "social wallet") and providing a quantitative justification for its viability, which can serve as a basis for pilot projects and social policy reform.

Findings. The results show that the proposed blockchain system can radically increase the transparency and accountability of fund distribution, eliminate the risk of misuse through programmable smart contracts, and provide beneficiaries with an unprecedented level of financial control. The quantitative analysis confirmed that the financial flow model is practically implementable and can effectively manage state, private, and targeted funds. A conclusion is drawn about the high feasibility of a pilot implementation of the system.

Purpose of the research. The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the current state and development of alternative financing through crowdfunding platforms, to define the conceptual framework of crowdfunding, crowdfunding platforms, and marketplaces, and to characterize crowdfunding and peer-to-peer (P2P) lending networks as a way of investing funds. The research aims to analyze the comparative effectiveness of different crowdfunding models (crowdlending, crowdinvesting, and P2P lending) in Kazakhstan and provide practical recommendations for their development.

Methodology. The research employs comparative analysis, synthesis, abstract-logical methods, system analysis, cause-and-effect analysis, as well as monographic and statistical data analysis. The study is based on data from the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC), the Astana Financial Services Authority (AFSA), and the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2020–2025. Statistical data were collected from official reports, platform registries, and regulatory publications. Data reliability was ensured through cross-verification of multiple official sources, and all data collection and analysis adhered to principles of scientific ethics. Data on crowdfunding platforms such as iKapitalist, Proportunity, InvestRoom, and GoCrowd were also utilized. Cross-checking of multiple data sources and adherence to ethical standards ensured the reliability and scientific validity of the results.

Originality / value. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) implementing projects in priority industries is facilitated not only by access to traditional sources of financing, such as bank loans, stock issuance, and bonds, but also by the use of alternative investment mechanisms such as crowdfunding, crowdinvesting, and crowdlending. The lack of financial resources significantly limits the further activities of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Findings. The use of crowdfunding financing and P2P lending opens new horizons for the development of SMEs in Kazakhstan. The proposals in this article can be applied as a mechanism for supporting SMEs and increasing funding for small and medium-sized enterprises. The article also discusses the legal regulation of crowdfunding financing and the relevance of using crowdfunding as an essential tool to support innovative projects for both individuals and legal entities. The comparative analysis of crowdfunding models in Kazakhstan reveals distinct advantages and limitations. Crowdlending is the fastest-growing model, enabling SMEs to access short-term capital with lower interest rates than banks. Crowdinvesting allows investors to acquire equity stakes, offering higher potential returns but involving greater risks. P2P lending, while still underdeveloped in Kazakhstan, provides a direct mechanism for financing between individuals without intermediaries, although it remains largely unregulated.

Purpose of the research: This study aims to assess the impact of corporate and consumer lending, inflation, and exchange rate dynamics on the real economic growth of Kazakhstan, measured by the Index of Physical Volume (IPV) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Special attention is given to identifying the compensatory role of lending under fluctuations in the tenge–US dollar exchange rate.

Methodology: The study employs annual macroeconomic data for Kazakhstan over the period 2005–2024, allowing for an evaluation of the relationship between financial and external economic factors and the dynamics of the real sector. The dependent variable is the annual IPV of GDP, which reflects changes in the physical volume of production and excludes the influence of inflation. The model includes the following explanatory variables: the ratio of corporate lending to GDP, the ratio of consumer lending to GDP, the annual inflation rate, and the rate of change of the average annual tenge–US dollar exchange rate. The use of relative indicators and growth rates eliminates scale effects and reduces the risk of spurious regression.

The relationships are estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. The stationarity of time series is confirmed by the ADF test, allowing their use without additional differencing. The residual diagnostics show no autocorrelation (Breusch–Godfrey test) or heteroskedasticity (White test). Model specification validity is confirmed by the Ramsey RESET test, and the choice of the optimal model is supported by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Thus, the model meets key econometric requirements and ensures statistical reliability of the estimates.

According to theoretical assumptions, lending should have a positive effect on the IPV of GDP, as it provides enterprises with additional investment resources and stimulates aggregate demand, including consumer demand. Inflation, on the other hand, is traditionally seen as a factor that constrains economic growth by reducing purchasing power and increasing costs. The impact of the exchange rate is less straightforward: depreciation of the tenge may increase import costs and thus limit output, while simultaneously enhancing the price competitiveness of exports. Therefore, the sign of the exchange rate coefficient is determined empirically.

Originality / value: Given Kazakhstan’s high dependence on imports, access to credit resources and exchange rate stability are key factors in the resilience of the real sector. The novelty of the study lies in identifying the compensatory effect of lending under exchange rate shocks, which clarifies the role of the financial sector in sustaining economic growth.

Findings: The obtained estimates indicate that corporate lending has a statistically significant positive impact on real GDP dynamics, while an increase in the exchange rate (tenge depreciation) negatively affects economic growth. Consumer lending and inflation are not statistically significant factors. The model demonstrated correct diagnostic properties and can be used for forecasting and economic policy development.

Purpose of the research – to examine the influence of generative artificial intelligence use on the sustainable performance of educational institutions (colleges) in the Kostanay region, as well as to analyze the mediating role of knowledge management capability in this relationship.

Methodology – a quantitative method (survey) was used to conduct the research. Data were collected through an anonymous and voluntary online survey of faculty members from 25 public and private colleges in the Kostanay region. To analyze the responses and test four hypotheses, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied using the SMART-PLS 4 software.

Originality / value – the value of the work lies in its proposal and testing of a new integrated model that combines complex constructs, providing a more holistic understanding of sustainability factors. The study empirically proves that the impact of generative artificial intelligence use on sustainable performance is not direct but fully mediated, highlighting the critical importance of knowledge management constructs as a mechanism for realizing the potential of technology. Furthermore, the study provides data from the context of Kazakhstan, expanding the geographical scope of research on this topic. Its practical value consists in recommending that leaders consider the implementation of artificial intelligence as a comprehensive strategic initiative, inextricably linked to the development of organizational knowledge management capabilities.

Findings – the results of the analysis confirmed that the use of artificial intelligence positively influences knowledge management, and knowledge management, in turn, positively influences sustainable performance. At the same time, the hypothesis of a direct influence did not find statistical support.

Purpose: The study aims to develop personalized digital offers for Air Astana through artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to strengthen its unique selling propositions (USPs) – high service quality and transit connectivity – and to measure their quantitative impact on marketing performance during 2010–2024.

Methodology: A mixed approach combining system-based and comparative analysis, economic-mathematical modeling, and interview–survey techniques was applied. AI algorithms such as collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, uplift modeling, and reinforcement learning were used to predict consumer behavior and optimize personalization strategies.

Findings: The developed AI-driven personalization models improved digital campaign response rates by +15% and reduced marketing expenditures by –20%. Statistical validation showed a strong model fit (R² = 0.902), confirming that offer relevance significantly increases customer engagement and conversion probability.

Originality / Value: This is the first comprehensive empirical study in Kazakhstan’s aviation sector integrating real airline data with AI-based personalization. The findings demonstrate that data-driven marketing decisions can enhance Air Astana’s competitiveness as a Eurasian transit hub and ensure more efficient budget allocation.