In recent decades, the issue of companies' involvement in the process of implementing ESG principles has been increasingly raised. Conducted studies show that the ESG rating is a significant variable and can have a direct impact not only on the profitability of companies, but also on other factors, such as the size and growth of profits, the reputation and image of the company, the size of investments attracted, etc. Some studies show that ESG and corporate sustainability are often used as interchangeable concepts. Companies implementing ESG principles are associated with sustainability, financial well-being, and a high reputation. However, the issue of the level of companies' involvement in the ESG transformation process has been considered only superficially, touching on the general aspects of the need to implement ESG principles in the activities of companies.
The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of companies' involvement in the ESG transformation process based on the evaluation of the top 5 large companies in the pharmaceutical, gas and telecommunications industries of the world's economies. 
Methodology – the study is based on the evaluation of intensity ratios of Bloomberg methodology covering the integration of ESG analysis into business and investment analysis.
Originality / value of the study – In this article, based on the use of the Bloomberg ESG rating assessment methodology, an attempt is made to analyze the level of companies' involvement in the ESG transformation process based on an assessment of the top 5 large companies in the pharmaceutical, gas and telecommunications industries of the world's economies. The question is whether there is a parallel between the size of a company and its level of engagement in ESG.
Research results – the conducted analysis has shown that the process of ESG-transformation is observed in companies of different industries. In this case, the size of the company, the level of its capitalization and income does not matter. It is impossible to draw a parallel between “large company” and “high ESG rating”. Companies practically do not pay attention to additional contributions to the elimination of damage and mitigation of environmental resources. Of all the companies reviewed, only TeliaSonera AB from the telecommunications industry has already allocated funds for environmental damage remediation on an annual basis since 2021. ROSTELECOM PJSC joined in 2022 and two more companies Telstra Corporation Limited and TELUS Corporation in 2023.

Research objective. The extension of life in developed countries is a priority. World life expectancy has increased by 23 years over the past 70 years, but health concerns remain. This is influenced by various factors such as the state of the environment, food and water quality, accessibility and level of health care. In Kazakhstan, the socio-economic development of the last two decades has taken place under conditions of global economic, political and social changes. However, with the onset of a period of relative stability, this figure began to rise. Over the past 25 years, life expectancy in Kazakhstan has increased by almost 10 years - from 65 to 75.09 years. This study aims to investigate gender characteristics of the influence of socio-economic conditions on the life expectancy of the population.
Research methodology. The study used methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical and comparative analysis to identify the gender characteristics of the impact of socio-economic conditions on life expectancy. A systematic review of scientific papers in both domestic and foreign literature has been conducted, with an emphasis on gender differences in living conditions and their impact on health and longevity. The analysis of strategic programs and statistical data has made it possible to deepen the understanding of gender differences in life expectancy in the context of socio-economic factors.
Originality / research value. The scientific significance of the study is to identify gender differences in perception and the impact of socio-economic factors on life expectancy. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using the data obtained to improve public policy in the field of healthcare and social protection.
Research findings. The study revealed significant differences in the life expectancy of men and women related to the availability of medical services and the level of economic well-being. The work contributes to the development of social medicine and demography. The results obtained can be used to develop programs aimed at improving the accessibility and quality of medical services, as well as reducing social inequality in the field of healthcare, taking into account socio-economic conditions. This will create more effective strategies to support vulnerable groups of the population and help equalize the standard of living of various social categories.

Purpose To analyze the production factors affecting economic growth and propose effective ways of utilizing them through the study of the structure of Kazakhstan's Gross Domestic Produc (GDP) and the contribution of economic sectors to GDP.
Methodology As part of the research, general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical analysis, comparative assessment methods, a review report of international organizations, scientific publications from a range of domestic and international sources. For economic and statistical analysis and comparative assessment of economic growth indicators in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bureau of Statistics under the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, articles in foreign and Kazakhstani scientific journals and other periodical literature were used.
Originality / value The study presents scientifically grounded conclusions regarding the current state of Kazakhstan’s economic growth and the effective application of influencing production factors.
Findings Despite the measures taken in Kazakhstan to diversify the economy, economic growth remains heavily dependent on fluctuations in global energy prices, and at the moment the country's economic growth is in the phase of intensifying medium - and long-term growth. Therefore, at the moment, it is necessary to diversify the economy, giving priority to the development of new industries and supporting sectors equipped with high technologies in order to increase their contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP). To do this, it is essential to increase the share of R&D expenditures in development projects, focused not on applied and fundamental sciences, but on the development of new materials, products, processes, increase investments in human capital and fixed capital for a knowledge-intensive economy.

Purpose: This article examines organisational leadership in Kazakhstan through the lens of hierarchical culture, ethnocultural diversity, and global adaptation. Drawing on the CCBS Global Leadership Survey and comparative literature, the study investigates how Kazakh leadership aligns with, diverges from, or bridges global leadership models.
Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative survey data from 71 Kazakh respondents and comparative country results with qualitative interviews and thematic analysis of open answers. The study includes descriptive statistics, cross-cultural radar charts, and expert validation.
Originality / value: This study offers a rare triangulation of survey evidence, expert opinion, and cultural comparison for Kazakhstan, a country often omitted in global leadership literature. It reveals how Kazakhstan’s traditional values coexist with emerging adaptive styles, particularly among younger, internationally educated leaders. The study contributes actionable insights for expatriates, HRM professionals, and crosscultural trainers.
Findings: Leadership in Kazakhstan remains anchored in hierarchical norms, respect for titles, and status signalling, but signs of participative and pragmatic evolution are visible. Ethnocultural diversity acts as a potential leadership asset. Generational change and international exposure are slowly reshaping expectations toward more inclusive, situational leadership. These findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive leadership development tailored to Kazakhstan’s institutional and societal realities.

The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic analysis of international models of university–industry collaboration (UIC), with a particular focus on assessing their applicability in the context of the electronics industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Considering the strategic importance of industrialization and the digitalization of the economy, effective university–industry cooperation is viewed as a key factor in the development of the country’s scientific and technological potential.
The research methodology is based on content analysis of 17 academic publications selected from the Scopus database through two search queries, covering both empirical cases and theoretical reviews. The identified models and approaches were compared with the current state and challenges of Kazakhstan’s electronics sector, allowing for the adaptation of international experience to the national context.
The originality of this study lies in its comprehensive attempt to link international theoretical and practical developments in UIC with the modernization tasks of a high-tech sector within a country possessing a developing innovation ecosystem. The paper fills a gap in the literature on adapting UIC models to industryspecific and regional levels in the context of emerging economies.
As a result, the study substantiates the need to develop five key UIC models — joint laboratories, Living Labs, intermediary structures, international collaboration, and government-driven programs — and proposes specific directions for their implementation in Kazakhstan. The findings can be used in shaping public policy, university strategies, and planning joint initiatives with business.

Purpose of the Research.The main purpose of this research paper is to examine the impact of brand love on consumer purchasing behavior within the Kazakhstan fashion industry. It emphasizes the emotional bonds consumers form with brands and how these connections influence their buying decisions.
Methodology. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating observational studies, focus groups, and surveys to explore the dynamics of brand love. Data collection was conducted through primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and qualitative measurements. A strategic sampling plan was applied to ensure representation across diverse demographic groups. The research also includes rigorous testing of the reliability and validity of the research instruments and evaluates key hypotheses.
Originality/Value of the Research. This study provides actionable insights for marketers and brand strategists seeking to enhance consumer engagement and loyalty. By examining the emotional aspects of brand love in an emerging market context, it offers valuable contributions to both academic research and practical brand development strategies.
Findings. The analysis reveals significant demographic trends and confirms the reliability of the research tools. It demonstrates that brand love plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. The study also acknowledges limitations related to sample size, cultural variability, and the subjective nature of psychological constructs.

Purpose of the Research. This study investigates respondents’ emotional reactions to Almaty Management University’s promotional videos and examines how those reactions influence perceived attractiveness of the videos and recall of their content. Understanding these effects may inform the development of more effective educational-marketing strategies by showing how emotional engagement drives prospective students’ interest.
Methodology. The research is based on the observations of the facial expressions of subjects showing two promotional videos developed by the marketing department of Almaty Management University. Twenty prospective students (ages 16–20), who were considering applying to the university, took part in the study. Facial expressions were recorded using FaceReader during video viewing, after which each participant completed surveys to assess ad recall and perceived attractiveness, allowing to examine their relationship with the recorded emotional responses. To predict the memory output and the perceived attractiveness based on FaceReader results machine learning models such as Random Forest and Gradient Boost were employed.
Originality/Value of the Research. By having combined facial expression analysis with predictive analytics, this study intends to serve as a contribution in the growing area of neuromarketing within educational marketing. Contrary to traditional marketing methods which mainly rely on self-report, our research provides an objective evaluation for emotional involvement and its cognitive consequences.
Findings. Positive emotions like joy and sentimentality significantly enhance memory retention and perceived attractiveness of university promo videos. Fear and anger, however, had lower predictive power. According to machine learning models, positive emotion is important for student engagement and recall. Positive emotion-engaging video content will prove a strong tool in educational marketing to increase brand recall and prospective students’ decision-making. The results are of practical importance in providing necessary information to universities to better their marketing strategies.

Purpose of the research – Analysis of the impact of digital technologies on the development of the financial ecosystem of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to identify key factors that contribute to the integration of digital solutions into the financial sector, as well as their impact on economic stability and accessibility of financial services for the population.
Methodology – This study uses methods of comparative analysis, generalization, systems approach and SWOT analysis based on data using the case method of two digital ecosystems of large financial institutions such as Kaspi Bank JSC and Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan JSC.
Originality / value – The uniqueness of the study lies in the comprehensive approach to the analysis of digitalization of the financial sector of Kazakhstan, including theoretical and practical aspects. The study presents unique data on the current state and prospects for the development of digital financial technologies in the country, and also examines the impact of these technologies on financial inclusion and economic development. The value of the work can serve as a basis for developing recommendations for improving digital finance policy and stimulating innovation in the financial sector.
Findings – The study found that Kazakhstan is actively introducing digital technologies into its financial sector, including the use of mobile apps, online banking, and blockchain technologies. Digitalization of financial services helps expand access to financial products for various segments of the population, especially in remote and rural areas. The introduction of digital technologies into the financial ecosystem can help increase economic stability, reduce transaction costs, and improve customer service.

Research Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the macroeconomic consequences of introducing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Research Methodology: This research analyzes the effects of CBDC implementation in Kazakhstan from the standpoint of macroeconomic stability and household welfare. It employs a medium-scale Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model adapted to account for the presence of digital currency and cash. The study also applies scenario analysis methods, encompassing five CBDC introduction scenarios based on calculations of standard deviations and correlation dependencies between scenarios.
Originality and Practical Value of the Study: The introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) entails not only technological and economic aspects but also significant macroeconomic consequences. In the transition to digital forms of settlement, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of the impact of CBDC on the stability of the national economy. Digital currency can serve as an alternative to cash, current accounts, and deposits in commercial banks. The degree of substitutability between different forms of money depends on the technical characteristics of the CBDC. Therefore, it is essential to determine the potential demand for digital currency and assess its impact on macroeconomic and financial stability.
Research Findings: Using a constant elasticity of substitution estimation, the CBDC was integrated into the medium-scale DSGE model, which made it possible to identify transmission mechanisms of economic shocks and assess the consequences of digital currency for macroeconomic stability and household welfare via the loss function

One of the key components of state social policy is the quality of pension provision, which reflects the level of responsibility and capability of the current government to ensure protection for citizens who have lost their ability to work due to age or health conditions.
The aim of the study is to analyze the main aspects of pension provision in the Republic of Kazakhstan, identify existing problems, assess their impact on the sustainability and adequacy of the pension system, and justify the need for its reform.
Research methodology. The article employs general scientific methods of inquiry, including logical and historical approaches, comparative analysis, the method of analogies, and the method of scientific abstraction. Research findings. The analysis of Kazakhstan's current pension system revealed key risks and challenges related to the adequacy of pension assignments and payments, as well as the effectiveness of managing mandatory pension contributions. The study identifies institutional shortcomings in the current pension provision model, caused by changes in the implementation of the conceptual foundations of pension reform.
Originality and practical significance of the study. Based on the analysis, previously unexplored causeand-effect relationships of existing pension provision problems have been identified. The authors propose recommendations on several organizational and systemic issues, the implementation of which may contribute to improving the sustainability and adequacy of Kazakhstan’s pension model.

Purpose of the study. In the context of the structural and international development of the economy, import trade operations occupy a special place in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Recently, there has been a tendency for domestic organizations and companies to integrate into foreign trade services at a high level. We all know that the provision of domestic production and service businesses with the necessary raw materials is carried out by importing from far and near countries. Due to the still incorrect practice of carrying out import operations and the correct reflection in accounting and tax accounting, business entities face certain difficulties associated with carrying out import operations in accounting.
A properly organized methodology for accounting for general import trade operations should be aimed at reliably, correctly and objectively reflecting the financial result of the company and the existing operations and their results during the reporting period.
The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective methods of accounting by studying the aspects of accounting for import transactions in accordance with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the specifics of the tax code, one of the most complex and controversial accounting objects in accounting practice during the complex and volatile development of the economy.
Research methodology. When executing the article, monographic research methods, accounting methods, and economic analysis methods were used.
Originality / value of the study. The result of the study of this topic is distinguished by the methods of correct reflection in financial accounting and tax accounting of the results of initial recognition, assessment, subsequent assessment, release into production, sales of raw materials and materials, goods and assets received from the EAEU countries.

Results of the study. In the literature review section of the research work, the works of domestic and foreign scientific practitioners on import operations are studied and author's recommendations for import operations are given. The main part of the article defines the procedure for initial recognition and evaluation of imported goods and raw materials, avtivs, procedures for determining their prices, procedures for accounting for Value Added Tax on imports.

Purpose of the study – The main objective of this study is to assess the investment policy in the oil and gas sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to analyze the current state of foreign investment inflows. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of state policy in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) into the oil and gas industry and to identify the key factors influencing this process.
Methodology – The study employs economic and institutional analysis to examine the experience of attracting FDI into Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector. Empirical data were drawn from official statistics of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and research reports covering the period from 2010 to 2023. Within the framework of comparative analysis, investment flows from Kazakhstan’s major investing countries—such as the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, and others—were examined. In addition, the national legal framework and mechanisms of state regulation were analyzed in terms of their influence on FDI dynamics. Based on the findings, the study proposes practical recommendations for improving the management of foreign investments in the oil and gas sector.
Originality / value of the study – The research is distinguished by its comprehensive assessment of the current state and trends of FDI in Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector, as well as an evaluation of the impact of foreign capital on a strategically important segment of the national economy. The article examines the actual investment dynamics during 2019–2023 and analyzes the structure and transformation of Kazakhstan’s investment policy in the oil and gas sector. Particular attention is given to the economic influence of key investor countries such as the United States, China, the Netherlands, South Korea, and Belgium.
Research Results – The findings may be applied to the development of measures aimed at stabilizing and diversifying foreign investment inflows, enhancing institutional reforms, and stimulating investment in the petrochemical and refining sectors. Although the volume of FDI in Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector remains relatively stable, recent years have shown a downward trend due to global market fluctuations and a more complex investment climate. The article presents specific policy proposals to address these challenges.

The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of digital tools on Kazakhstan’s public administration system, to identify the development dynamics of the country’s e-government system at the international level, and to assess its current state.
Methodology – the study employs statistical and econometric methods. These methods, which are typically used to analyze changes within specific economic environments using statistical data, were applied to evaluate the quality of e-government services based on usage data. The results were presented in the form of graphs and charts.
Originality of the research lies in analyzing the outcomes of digital development in Kazakhstan’s public administration system, assessing e-government indicators from 2005 to 2024, and using these results to make forecasts.
Research results demonstrate the impact of digital tools on the public administration system and offer a forecast of the dynamic development index based on an analysis of e-government performance indicators.

Purpose of the research. The methods and criteria for comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of a country's economic integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) can be identified. Three main methods for evaluating the effectiveness of economic integration within the EAEU can be distinguished. The first method is the method of trade integration among EAEU member states, which assesses the dynamics, structure, and volumes of mutual trade between the countries of the union. The second method is the method of assessing the effectiveness of economic integration based on a set of strategic priorities for economic development. The third method is the method of national competitiveness, which evaluates how participation in the EAEU affects the overall competitiveness of the national economy. Despite the fact that certain aspects of evaluation, such as competitiveness analysis, are universal, these methods will require adaptation for countries outside the EAEU. This is due to differences in the specifics of regional cooperation (e.g., in the EU or ASEAN) and integration mechanisms (such as currency or customs unions with varying regulations). Thus, the proposed methods can be developed with consideration for the specifics of the EAEU, but with some adaptation, they could also be used to assess integration in other unions.
Methodology. A variety of methods were used in the course of the study: macroeconomic analysis, comparative analysis of national economic models, econometric modeling, and a comprehensive approach to assessing the achievement of economic benefits, stability, and competitiveness of the country within the framework of the EAEU. A literature review of academic works on the topic of the study was conducted, which allowed for an examination of Kazakhstan's role in the development of trade and economic relations between the member states of the EAEU.
Originality / value. The originality and value of the study lie in examining the impact of global and regional integration on Kazakhstan's economic stability and development, considering the changes in the country's economy since its accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This provides insights into the effectiveness of the integration and helps identify future development vectors for Kazakhstan, based on improving trade relations and strengthening economic ties among EAEU member states.
Findings. The study’s findings demonstrate that farm enterprises can be managed efficiently in real time by leveraging digital twins. Compared with traditional approaches, these models offer superior performance in process forecasting, optimal resource allocation, and adaptation to climatic or market fluctuations. Practical results from the IoF2020 project confirm the wide applicability of digital twins and their pivotal role in the digitalisation of the agri-food sector. All five IoF2020 pilot deployments quantitatively proved that digital twins significantly enhance both operational efficiency and sustainability. For example, in the “Potato Data Processing Exchange” pilot, potato growers used IoT devices to monitor the entire flow of produce from field to storage; as a result, average crop yield increased by 10 %, fuel consumption fell by 10 %, and overall margins rose by 5 %.