THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF KAZAKHSTAN

Purpose of the research – To study the role of digital technologies and their impact on economic development in Kazakhstan, to analyze the impact of digitalization on key macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as GDP), gross value added (hereinafter referred to as GVA) and the unemployment rate, taking into account factors – total costs of information and communication technologies (hereinafter referred to as – ICT), the use of computers in organizations and Internet access.

Research methodology. The study was conducted using methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy and econometric modeling to assess the impact of information technology on the macroeconomic indicators of Kazakhstan.

Originality / value of the research. The study provides a unique analysis of the impact of digitalization on the economy of Kazakhstan, taking into account its specifics, the structure of the economy and political initiatives such as Digital Kazakhstan. The study goes beyond GDP growth by examining the impact on gross value added and unemployment, using econometric modeling to quantify the relationships between ICT investment, computer use, Internet access, and macroeconomic indicators. By identifying key factors and challenges, the study provides valuable information to stakeholders shaping Kazakhstan's digital future and contributes to a broader discussion of digital transformation in emerging economies.

Research results. The study used national accounts data and ICT indicators from the Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the economy. The study showed that the costs of ICT, computer use and Internet access have a positive impact on GDP and GVA, which indicates a close link between the introduction of digital technologies and economic growth. The authors have identified a negative impact on the unemployment rate from the factors of investment in ICT and Internet access. This indicates the positive impact of digitalization on the labor market. However, the role of computer usage requires further study.

1. Tokayev, K.-Zh. (2023). Poslanie Glavy gosudarstva Kasym-ZHomarta Tokaeva narodu Kazahstana «Ekonomicheskij kurs Spravedlivogo Kazahstana». Baiterek. Retrieved October 17, 2023, from https://baiterek.gov.kz/ru/president-messages/poslanie-glavy-gosudarstva-kasym-zhomarta-tokaeva-narodu-kazakhstanaekonomicheskiy-kurs-spravedlivo (In Russian).

2. Pritvorova, T. P., Abzalbek, E. Zh., & Kizimbaeva, A. (2020). IT-uslugi v Kazahstane: dinamika i vozmozhnosti cifrovizacii promyshlennosti. Ekonomika, predprinimatel'stvo i pravo, 10(11), 2727-2744. DOI: 10.18334/epp.10.11.111088 (In Russian).

3. Md Riaj Uddin. (2023). The role of the digital economy in Bangladesh's economic development. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 1(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100054.

4. Micic, L. (2017). Digital Transformation and its Influence on GDP. Economics, 5(2), 135-147. https:// doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2017-0028.

5. Aubakirova, G. M., Isataeva, F. M., & Kuatova, A. S. (2020). Cifrovizaciya promyshlennyh predpriyatij Kazahstana: potencial'nye vozmozhnosti i perspektivy. Voprosy innovacionnoj ekonomiki, 4(10), 2251-2268. DOI: 10.18334/vinec.10.4.111211 (In Russian).

6. Mezhdunarodnyj tekhnopark IT-startapov. (2024). Astana Hub. Retrieved May 3, 2024, from https://astanahub.com/ru/ (In Russian).

7. Iskusstvennyj intellekt v oblasti nejroradiologii. (2024). Cerebra. Retrieved May 3, 2024, from https:// cerebra.kz// (In Russian).

8. Cifrovye resheniya, menyayushchie zhizn' lyudej k luchshemu. (2024). BTS Digital. Retrieved May 3, 2024, from https://btsdigital.kz/ (In Russian).

9. Smart City – umnyj gorod v Kazahstane. (2024). Profit. Retrieved May 3, 2024, from https://profit.kz/tags/smartcity/ (In Russian).

10. About us. (2024). Agro-Navigator. Retrieved May 3, 2024, from https://agro-navigator.kz/ (In Russian).

11. Kurmanov, N. A., Kabdullina, G. K., & Aliyeva, Zh. Zh. (2023). Development of Kazakhstan’s Regional Labour Markets in the Digital Economy: Factors and Conditions. Economy of regions, 19(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-1-8.

12. Vladimirov, Zh., Legostaeva, A. A., & Turgambaev, M. K. (2020). Sravnitel'nyj analiz metodik rascheta faktornyh modelej cifrovoj ekonomiki Kazahstana. Ekonomicheskaya seriya vestnika ENU imeni L. N. Gumileva, 4, 54-65. https://doi.org/10.32523/2079-620X-2020-4-54-65 (In Russian).

13. Acemoğlu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, 128(6), 2188-2244. https://doi.org/10.1086/705716.

14. Madsen, A. K., Flyverbom, M., Hilbert, M., & Ruppert, E. (2016). Big Data: Issues for an International Political Sociology of Data Practices: Table 1. International Political Sociology, 10(3), 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw010.

15. Crawford, K. (2021). The Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press. 336 p.

16. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), Part 2, 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725.

17. Lucas, R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.

18. Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801.

19. Olifirov, A. V., Makovejchuk, K. A., & Petrenko, S. A. (2019). Transformaciya biznes-modelej v usloviyah cifrovoj ekonomiki. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal otkrytyh informacionnyh tekhnologij, 4(7), 85-90.

20. Bakumenko, L. P., & Minina, E. A. (2020). Mezhdunarodnyj indeks cifrovoj ekonomiki i obshchestva (I-DESI): tendencii razvitiya cifrovyh tekhnologij. Marijskij i Kazanskij universtitety. Statistika i ekonomika, 2(17), 40-54. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-2-40-54 (In Russian).

21. Buganova, A. A., Umirzakov, S. Y., & Nurpeisova, A. A. (2022). Cifrovaya ekonomika i cifrovaya transformaciya v Kazahstane. Central Asian Economic Review, 5(146), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.52821/27894401-2022-5-155-168 (In Russian).

22. Otchet o realizacii Gosudarstvennoj programmy «Cifrovoj Kazahstan» na 2018-2022 gody. (2022). MCRIAP RK. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai/documents/details/161189?directionId=14764&lang=ru (In Russian).

23. Realizaciya gosprogrammy «Cifrovoj Kazahstan». (2020). Official information resource of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://primeminister.kz/ru/news/za-dva-goda-realizacii-gosprogrammy-cifrovoi-kazakhstan-v-innovacionnuu-ekosistemu-privleceno-32-8mlrd-tenge (In Russian).

24. Bejsembaj, E., Titkov, A. A., & Ibraimova, S. Zh. (2021). Organizacionno-ekonomicheskie tendencii i aktual'nye problemy cifrovizacii ekonomiki Respubliki Kazahstan. Ekonomika: strategiya i praktika, 16(3), 51-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2021-3-51-67 (In Russian).

25. Ekonomika. Nacional'nye scheta. (2022). Bureau of national statistics of Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved October 20, 2023, from https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/economy/national-accounts/dynamictables/ (In Russian).

26. Otraslevaya statistika. Informacionno-kommunikacionnye tekhnologii i svyazi. (2022). Bureau of national statistics of Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved October 20, 2023, from https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/business-statistics/stat-it/dynamic-tables/ (In Russian).

27. Kuchukova, N. (2018). Denezhno-kreditnaya politika nacional'nogo banka Respubliki Kazahstan v usloviyah ciklichnogo razvitiya ekonomiki. Vestnik KazNU Al'-Farabi. Seriya ekonomicheskaya, 1(123), 183-202 (In Russian).

28. Sabitov, D. (2016). Informacionnaya bezopasnost' Kazahstana: zashchita dannyh i smyslov. Institut mirovoj ekonomiki i politiki (IMEP) pri Fonde Pervogo Prezidenta RK – Lidera Nacii. Astana, 68 p. (in Russian).