<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caer</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Central Asian Economic Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Central Asian Economic Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2789-4398</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2789-4401</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет Нархоз</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52821/2789-4401-2026-3-7-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caer-1858</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ АЗИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GLOBALIZATION AND CENTRAL ASIA</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Декарбонизация экономики Казахстана: от климатических целей к практическим результатам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Decarbonisation of Kazakhstan's Economy: From Climate Goals to Practical Outcomes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-1533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мергалиева</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mergaliyeva</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уральск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mergaliyeva Liliya Igorevna - Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, </p><p>Uralsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">l.mergaliyeva@ps.wku.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5094-9140</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекетова</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beketova</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кызылорда.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Beketova Kamar Nazarbekovna - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, </p><p>Kyzylorda.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Beketova@korkyt.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7282-9382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гиззатова</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizzatova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уральск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gizzatova Alla Islamovna – Doctor of Economic Sciences, </p><p>Uralsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alla-gizzatova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Западно-Казахстанский Университет имени М.Утемисова</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M. Utemisov West Kazakhstan University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кызылординский университет имени Коркыт ата</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мергалиева Л., Бекетова К., Гиззатова А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мергалиева Л., Бекетова К., Гиззатова А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mergaliyeva L., Beketova K., Gizzatova A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1858">https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1858</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – Настоящее исследование посвящено анализу разрыва в реализации декарбонизации в ресурсно-обеспеченном Казахстане, понимаемого как расхождение между официально декларируемыми климатическими целями и фактической динамикой выбросов. Используя Соединённое Королевство в качестве контрастного управленческого ориентира, статья рассматривает, каким образом законодательное закрепление климатических обязательств, согласованность политических инструментов, надёжность системы торговли выбросами, а также институциональный потенциал определяют способность государства трансформировать климатические обязательства в измеримые низкоуглеродные результаты.</p><p>Методология – В исследовании применяется сравнительный институциональный анализ, сочетающий изучение программных и нормативно-правовых документов, кейс-ориентированный анализ и вторичные статистические данные. Казахстан и Соединённое Королевство сопоставляются через призму управленческой траектории, связывающей климатические цели, нормативно-правовую архитектуру, инструменты политики, системы мониторинга, отчётности и верификации, механизмы правоприменения и фактическую динамику выбросов.</p><p>Оригинальность/ценность исследования Исследование вносит вклад в сравнительные исследования климатического управления, смещая аналитический акцент с формулирования климатических целей на институциональную способность к их реализации. В статье концепция разрыва реализации применяется к декарбонизации как к управленческой задаче, требующей не только стратегических обязательств, но и действенных правовых, регуляторных и институциональных механизмов. Такой подход особенно значим для ресурсно-обеспеченных экономик, характеризующихся высокой углеродоёмкостью экспорта и растущим внешним давлением со стороны климатически ориентированной торговой политики, включая Механизм трансграничного углеродного регулирования Европейского союза (CBAM).</p><p>Результаты – Анализ показывает, что разрыв в реализации декарбонизации в Казахстане обусловлен недостаточно прочным законодательным закреплением климатических целей, фрагментарностью политических инструментов, ограниченной результативностью системы торговли выбросами, неравномерным развитием систем мониторинга, отчётности и верификации. Опыт Соединённого Королевства демонстрирует, что юридически обязательные углеродные бюджеты, независимый институциональный надзор, согласованные инструменты политики, надёжное ценообразование на углерод и развитые системы мониторинга, отчётности и верификации позволяют сократить разрыв между заявленными обязательствами и их практическим выполнением.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose of the research This study examines the decarbonization implementation gap in resource-rich Kazakhstan, understood as the distance between formally stated climate ambition and observed emissions outcomes. Using the United Kingdom as a contrasting governance benchmark, it investigates how legal anchoring, policy-instrument coherence, Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) credibility, and enforcement capacity shape the translation of climate pledges into measurable low-carbon outcomes.</p><p>Methodology The paper employs comparative institutional analysis, combining policy document review, case-based evidence, and secondary statistical data. It compares Kazakhstan and the United Kingdom across a governance pathway linking climate targets, legal frameworks, policy instruments, monitoring, reporting and verification systems, enforcement mechanisms, and emissions trajectories.</p><p>Originality/value of the research The study contributes to comparative climate-governance literature by shifting attention from climate ambition to implementation capacity. It extends the implementation-gap perspective to decarbonization as a governance challenge, particularly for resource-rich economies exposed to fossil-fuel dependence, carbon-intensive exports, and external climate-trade pressures such as Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).</p><p>Findings The analysis shows that Kazakhstan’s implementation gap is shaped by weak legal anchoring, fragmented policy instruments, limited ETS effectiveness, uneven Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) capacity, and limited enforcement credibility. The UK case demonstrates how legally binding carbon budgets, independent oversight, coherent instruments, credible carbon pricing, and MRV systems can narrow the gap between pledges and delivery.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>декарбонизация</kwd><kwd>управление</kwd><kwd>реализация политики</kwd><kwd>Казахстан</kwd><kwd>Соединённое Королевство</kwd><kwd>энергетический переход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>decarbonization</kwd><kwd>governance</kwd><kwd>policy implementation</kwd><kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd><kwd>United Kingdom</kwd><kwd>energy transition</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. New York : United Nations, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. New York : United Nations, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. Kazakhstan: Country Climate and Development Report. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Bank. Kazakhstan: Country Climate and Development Report. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. Kazakhstan CCDR: Updates and related policy notes. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Bank. Kazakhstan CCDR: Updates and related policy notes. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Office for National Statistics. Net zero and the different official measures of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions. London : ONS, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Office for National Statistics. Net zero and the different official measures of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions. London : ONS, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNFCCC. Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan on achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Bonn : UNFCCC, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNFCCC. Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan on achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Bonn : UNFCCC, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNEP. Presidential Decree No. 121 validating the Strategy for achieving carbon neutrality of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2060. UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNEP. Presidential Decree No. 121 validating the Strategy for achieving carbon neutrality of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2060. UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Energy Agency. Kazakhstan 2022: Energy sector review. Paris : IEA, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Energy Agency. Kazakhstan 2022: Energy sector review. Paris : IEA, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2025. London : DESNZ, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics 2025. London : DESNZ, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RenewableUK. Energy bible confirms renewables now provide over half of the UK's electricity generation. RenewableUK, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RenewableUK. Energy bible confirms renewables now provide over half of the UK's electricity generation. RenewableUK, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD. Responsible business conduct for sustainable infrastructure in Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Uzbekistan. Paris : OECD Publishing, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD. Responsible business conduct for sustainable infrastructure in Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Uzbekistan. Paris : OECD Publishing, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouraviev N. Renewable energy in Kazakhstan: Challenges to policy and governance // Energy Policy. 2021. Vol. 149. 112051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112051.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mouraviev N. Renewable energy in Kazakhstan: Challenges to policy and governance // Energy Policy. 2021. Vol. 149. 112051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112051.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poberezhskaya M., Danilova N. Reconciling climate change leadership with resource nationalism and regional vulnerabilities: A case study of Kazakhstan // Environmental Politics. 2021. Vol. 31, No. 3. P. 429–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1920768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poberezhskaya M., Danilova N. Reconciling climate change leadership with resource nationalism and regional vulnerabilities: A case study of Kazakhstan // Environmental Politics. 2021. Vol. 31, No. 3. P. 429–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1920768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICAP. Kazakhstan Emissions Trading System: Factsheet. International Carbon Action Partnership, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICAP. Kazakhstan Emissions Trading System: Factsheet. International Carbon Action Partnership, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross A. It's time to get serious: Why legislation is needed to make sustainable development a reality in the UK // Sustainability. 2010. Vol. 2, No. 4. P. 1101–1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2041101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross A. It's time to get serious: Why legislation is needed to make sustainable development a reality in the UK // Sustainability. 2010. Vol. 2, No. 4. P. 1101–1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2041101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aldy J. E., Stavins R. N. The promise and problems of pricing carbon: Theory and experience // Journal of Environment &amp; Development. 2012. Vol. 21, No. 2. P. 152–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496512442508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldy J. E., Stavins R. N. The promise and problems of pricing carbon: Theory and experience // Journal of Environment &amp; Development. 2012. Vol. 21, No. 2. P. 152–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496512442508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin R., de Preux L. B., Wagner U. J. The impact of a carbon tax on manufacturing: Evidence from the UK // Journal of Public Economics. 2014. Vol. 117. P. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin R., de Preux L. B., Wagner U. J. The impact of a carbon tax on manufacturing: Evidence from the UK // Journal of Public Economics. 2014. Vol. 117. P. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dechezleprêtre A., Sato M. The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness // Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 2017. Vol. 11, No. 2. P. 183–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dechezleprêtre A., Sato M. The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness // Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 2017. Vol. 11, No. 2. P. 183–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bahar D., Santos M. A. One more resource curse: Dutch disease and export concentration // Journal of Development Economics. 2018. Vol. 132. P. 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bahar D., Santos M. A. One more resource curse: Dutch disease and export concentration // Journal of Development Economics. 2018. Vol. 132. P. 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domjan P., Stone M. A comparative study of resource nationalism in Russia and Kazakhstan, 2004–2008 // Europe-Asia Studies. 2009. Vol. 62, No. 1. P. 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130903385374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domjan P., Stone M. A comparative study of resource nationalism in Russia and Kazakhstan, 2004–2008 // Europe-Asia Studies. 2009. Vol. 62, No. 1. P. 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130903385374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tadadjeu S., Njangang H., Woldemichael A. Are resource-rich countries less responsive to global warming? Oil wealth and climate change policy // Energy Policy. 2023. Vol. 182. 113774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tadadjeu S., Njangang H., Woldemichael A. Are resource-rich countries less responsive to global warming? Oil wealth and climate change policy // Energy Policy. 2023. Vol. 182. 113774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henisz W. J. The institutional environment for economic growth // Economics &amp; Politics. 2000. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henisz W. J. The institutional environment for economic growth // Economics &amp; Politics. 2000. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ioannou I., Serafeim G. What drives corporate social performance? The role of nation-level institutions // Journal of International Business Studies. 2012. Vol. 43, No. 9. P. 834–864. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2012.26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ioannou I., Serafeim G. What drives corporate social performance? The role of nation-level institutions // Journal of International Business Studies. 2012. Vol. 43, No. 9. P. 834–864. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2012.26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orazalin N. Corporate governance and CSR disclosure in an emerging economy: Evidence from commercial banks of Kazakhstan // Corporate Governance. 2019. Vol. 19, No. 3. P. 490–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-09-2018-0290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orazalin N. Corporate governance and CSR disclosure in an emerging economy: Evidence from commercial banks of Kazakhstan // Corporate Governance. 2019. Vol. 19, No. 3. P. 490–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-09-2018-0290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benigno G., Fornaro L., Wolf M. The global financial resource curse // American Economic Review. 2025. Vol. 115, No. 1. P. 220–262. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20211792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benigno G., Fornaro L., Wolf M. The global financial resource curse // American Economic Review. 2025. Vol. 115, No. 1. P. 220–262. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20211792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mergaliyeva L., Beketova K., Primbetova S. Opportunities of integrating artificial intelligence into the exploitation of renewable energy in Kazakhstan // Central Asian Economic Review. 2024. No. 3. P. 114–131. https://doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2024-3-114-131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mergaliyeva L., Beketova K., Primbetova S. Opportunities of integrating artificial intelligence into the exploitation of renewable energy in Kazakhstan // Central Asian Economic Review. 2024. No. 3. P. 114–131. https://doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2024-3-114-131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Böhringer C., Balistreri E. J., Rutherford T. F. The role of border carbon adjustment in unilateral climate policy: Results from a model comparison // Energy Economics. 2012. Vol. 34, Suppl. 2. P. S97–S110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.10.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Böhringer C., Balistreri E. J., Rutherford T. F. The role of border carbon adjustment in unilateral climate policy: Results from a model comparison // Energy Economics. 2012. Vol. 34, Suppl. 2. P. S97–S110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.10.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Branger F., Quirion P. Would border carbon adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry competitiveness losses? Insights from a meta-analysis of recent economic studies // Ecological Economics. 2014. Vol. 99. P. 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branger F., Quirion P. Would border carbon adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry competitiveness losses? Insights from a meta-analysis of recent economic studies // Ecological Economics. 2014. Vol. 99. P. 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.12.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehling M. A., van Asselt H., Das K., Droege S., Verkuijl C. Designing border carbon adjustments for enhanced climate action // American Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 113, No. 3. P. 433–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehling M. A., van Asselt H., Das K., Droege S., Verkuijl C. Designing border carbon adjustments for enhanced climate action // American Journal of International Law. 2019. Vol. 113, No. 3. P. 433–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pressman J. L., Wildavsky A. Implementation. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pressman J. L., Wildavsky A. Implementation. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer J. W., Rowan B. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony // American Journal of Sociology. 1977. Vol. 83, No. 2. P. 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/226550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer J. W., Rowan B. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony // American Journal of Sociology. 1977. Vol. 83, No. 2. P. 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/226550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bromley P., Powell W. W. From smoke and mirrors to walking the talk: Decoupling in the contemporary world // Academy of Management Annals. 2012. Vol. 6, No. 1. P. 483–530. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2012.684462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bromley P., Powell W. W. From smoke and mirrors to walking the talk: Decoupling in the contemporary world // Academy of Management Annals. 2012. Vol. 6, No. 1. P. 483–530. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2012.684462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNEP. Emissions Gap Report 2024. Nairobi : United Nations Environment Programme, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNEP. Emissions Gap Report 2024. Nairobi : United Nations Environment Programme, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Climate Action Tracker. United Kingdom and Kazakhstan country assessments. Berlin : Climate Analytics / NewClimate Institute, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Climate Action Tracker. United Kingdom and Kazakhstan country assessments. Berlin : Climate Analytics / NewClimate Institute, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karatayev M., Clarke M. A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016. Vol. 55. P. 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karatayev M., Clarke M. A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016. Vol. 55. P. 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyussembekova G., Bayandina G., Sartova R., Kalmenova M. The electric energy sector of Kazakhstan: State and vision given international trends // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2019. Vol. 9, No. 3. P. 179–186. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyussembekova G., Bayandina G., Sartova R., Kalmenova M. The electric energy sector of Kazakhstan: State and vision given international trends // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2019. Vol. 9, No. 3. P. 179–186. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temirgaliyeva N., Junussova M. Renewable electricity production and sustainability of national and regional power systems of Kazakhstan // Silk Road: A Journal of Eurasian Development. 2020. Vol. 2, No. 1. P. 35–53. https://doi.org/10.16997/srjed.15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temirgaliyeva N., Junussova M. Renewable electricity production and sustainability of national and regional power systems of Kazakhstan // Silk Road: A Journal of Eurasian Development. 2020. Vol. 2, No. 1. P. 35–53. https://doi.org/10.16997/srjed.15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kerimray A., Baigarin K., Miglio R., Tosato G. Climate change mitigation scenarios and policies and measures: The case of Kazakhstan // Climate Policy. 2015. Vol. 16, No. 3. P. 332–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.1003525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerimray A., Baigarin K., Miglio R., Tosato G. Climate change mitigation scenarios and policies and measures: The case of Kazakhstan // Climate Policy. 2015. Vol. 16, No. 3. P. 332–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2014.1003525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazina A., Syzdykova D., Myrzhykbayeva A., Raikhanova G., Nurgaliyeva A. Impact of green fiscal policy on investment efficiency of renewable energy enterprises in Kazakhstan // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 5. P. 491–497. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazina A., Syzdykova D., Myrzhykbayeva A., Raikhanova G., Nurgaliyeva A. Impact of green fiscal policy on investment efficiency of renewable energy enterprises in Kazakhstan // International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 5. P. 491–497. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tlesova A., Mergaliyeva L., Sultanguzhiyeva A., Sharafutdinova A. Improvement of innovative economic policy // Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. 2018. Vol. 13, No. 6. P. 1648–1655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tlesova A., Mergaliyeva L., Sultanguzhiyeva A., Sharafutdinova A. Improvement of innovative economic policy // Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. 2018. Vol. 13, No. 6. P. 1648–1655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanna T., Palepu K. Winning in emerging markets: A roadmap for strategy and execution. Boston, MA : Harvard Business Press, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanna T., Palepu K. Winning in emerging markets: A roadmap for strategy and execution. Boston, MA : Harvard Business Press, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cuervo-Cazurra A. Who cares about corruption? // Journal of International Business Studies. 2006. Vol. 37, No. 6. P. 807–822. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cuervo-Cazurra A. Who cares about corruption? // Journal of International Business Studies. 2006. Vol. 37, No. 6. P. 807–822. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melville A., Mironyuk M. "Bad enough governance": State capacity and quality of institutions in postSoviet autocracies // Post-Soviet Affairs. 2015. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1052215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melville A., Mironyuk M. "Bad enough governance": State capacity and quality of institutions in postSoviet autocracies // Post-Soviet Affairs. 2015. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1052215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gereffi G., Lee J., Polaski S. Global supply chains and compliance with labor standards // Governance. 2009. Vol. 22, No. 4. P. 585–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01457.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gereffi G., Lee J., Polaski S. Global supply chains and compliance with labor standards // Governance. 2009. Vol. 22, No. 4. P. 585–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01457.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locke R. M., Amengual M., Mangla A. Virtue out of necessity? Compliance, commitment, and the improvement of labor conditions in global supply chains // Politics &amp; Society. 2009. Vol. 37, No. 3. P. 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209338922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locke R. M., Amengual M., Mangla A. Virtue out of necessity? Compliance, commitment, and the improvement of labor conditions in global supply chains // Politics &amp; Society. 2009. Vol. 37, No. 3. P. 319–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209338922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toffel M. W., Short J. L., Ouellet M. Codes in context: How states, markets, and civil society shape adherence to global labor standards // Regulation &amp; Governance. 2015. Vol. 9, No. 3. P. 205–223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toffel M. W., Short J. L., Ouellet M. Codes in context: How states, markets, and civil society shape adherence to global labor standards // Regulation &amp; Governance. 2015. Vol. 9, No. 3. P. 205–223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duflo E., Greenstone M., Pande R., Ryan N. Truth-telling by third-party auditors and the response to regulation: Evidence from India // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2013. Vol. 128, No. 4. P. 1499–1545. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duflo E., Greenstone M., Pande R., Ryan N. Truth-telling by third-party auditors and the response to regulation: Evidence from India // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2013. Vol. 128, No. 4. P. 1499–1545. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calel R., Dechezleprêtre A. Environmental policy and directed technological change: Evidence from the European carbon market // Review of Economics and Statistics. 2016. Vol. 98, No. 1. P. 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calel R., Dechezleprêtre A. Environmental policy and directed technological change: Evidence from the European carbon market // Review of Economics and Statistics. 2016. Vol. 98, No. 1. P. 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. Contracts for Difference: Policy overview and allocation rounds. London : UK Government, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. Contracts for Difference: Policy overview and allocation rounds. London : UK Government, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK ETS Authority. 2023 review of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. London : Department for Energy Security and Net Zero; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; DAERA, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK ETS Authority. 2023 review of the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. London : Department for Energy Security and Net Zero; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; DAERA, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Environment Agency. Chief Regulator's report: Evidence annex 2023–24. Bristol, UK : Environment Agency, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Environment Agency. Chief Regulator's report: Evidence annex 2023–24. Bristol, UK : Environment Agency, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mergaliyeva L., Primbetova S. Sustaining innovation and regulation: The eco-system of decentralized and centralized finance // The Economy: Strategy and Practice. 2025. Vol. 19, No. 4. P. 20–37. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-4-20-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mergaliyeva L., Primbetova S. Sustaining innovation and regulation: The eco-system of decentralized and centralized finance // The Economy: Strategy and Practice. 2025. Vol. 19, No. 4. P. 20–37. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2024-4-20-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christmann P. Multinational companies and the natural environment: Determinants of global environmental policy standardization // Academy of Management Journal. 2004. Vol. 47, No. 5. P. 747–760. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159616.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christmann P. Multinational companies and the natural environment: Determinants of global environmental policy standardization // Academy of Management Journal. 2004. Vol. 47, No. 5. P. 747–760. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159616.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locke R. The promise and limits of private power: Promoting labor standards in a global economy. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locke R. The promise and limits of private power: Promoting labor standards in a global economy. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2025/2083 of 8 October 2025 amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism // Official Journal of the European Union. 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2025/2083 of 8 October 2025 amending Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism // Official Journal of the European Union. 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNCTAD. A European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Implications for developing countries. Geneva : UNCTAD, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNCTAD. A European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Implications for developing countries. Geneva : UNCTAD, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNITAR/UN PAGE. Assessment of impacts of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Kazakhstan. Geneva : United Nations Institute for Training and Research / Partnership for Action on Green Economy, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNITAR/UN PAGE. Assessment of impacts of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Kazakhstan. Geneva : United Nations Institute for Training and Research / Partnership for Action on Green Economy, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Commission. EU trade relations with Kazakhstan. Brussels : European Commission, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Commission. EU trade relations with Kazakhstan. Brussels : European Commission, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UN Comtrade. European Union imports of aluminum from Kazakhstan, HS 76, 2024. United Nations Comtrade Database, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UN Comtrade. European Union imports of aluminum from Kazakhstan, HS 76, 2024. United Nations Comtrade Database, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNCTAD. Energy sector for green transitioning: Kazakhstan. Geneva : UNCTAD, 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNCTAD. Energy sector for green transitioning: Kazakhstan. Geneva : UNCTAD, 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiMaggio P. J., Powell W. W. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields // American Sociological Review. 1983. Vol. 48, No. 2. P. 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiMaggio P. J., Powell W. W. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields // American Sociological Review. 1983. Vol. 48, No. 2. P. 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oliver C. Strategic responses to institutional processes // Academy of Management Review. 1991. Vol. 16, No. 1. P. 145–179. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oliver C. Strategic responses to institutional processes // Academy of Management Review. 1991. Vol. 16, No. 1. P. 145–179. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostova T., Roth K. Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects // Academy of Management Journal. 2002. Vol. 45, No. 1. P. 215–233. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostova T., Roth K. Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects // Academy of Management Journal. 2002. Vol. 45, No. 1. P. 215–233. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenhardt K. M. Building theories from case study research // Academy of Management Review. 1989. Vol. 14, No. 4. P. 532–550.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenhardt K. M. Building theories from case study research // Academy of Management Review. 1989. Vol. 14, No. 4. P. 532–550.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK Parliament. Climate Change Act 2008. London : The Stationery Office, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK Parliament. Climate Change Act 2008. London : The Stationery Office, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Government of Kazakhstan. Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana : Government of Kazakhstan / WECOOP, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Government of Kazakhstan. Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana : Government of Kazakhstan / WECOOP, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedlingstein P., et al. Global Carbon Budget 2024 // Earth System Science Data. 2024. Vol. 17, No. 3. P. 965–1039. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedlingstein P., et al. Global Carbon Budget 2024 // Earth System Science Data. 2024. Vol. 17, No. 3. P. 965–1039. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan / CAREC. Chapter 20: MRV summary of enactment and entry into force. 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan / CAREC. Chapter 20: MRV summary of enactment and entry into force. 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
