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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caer</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Central Asian Economic Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Central Asian Economic Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2789-4398</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2789-4401</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет Нархоз</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52821/2789-4401-2025-5-77-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caer-1589</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: ВЕКТОРЫ РАЗВИТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NATIONAL ECONOMY: DEVELOPMENT VECTORS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Образовательная мобильность и миграционный дисбаланс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Educational mobility and migration imbalance</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аргынбаева</surname><given-names>Ж. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Argynbayeva</surname><given-names>Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аргынбаева Жанар Жумагаликызы, PhD, ассоциированный профессор </p><p>г. Алматы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Almaty </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhanar.argynbayeva@narxoz.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НАО «Университет Нархоз»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Narxoz University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Аргынбаева Ж.Ж., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аргынбаева Ж.Ж.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Argynbayeva Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1589">https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1589</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Цель статьи заключается в выявлении региональных дисбалансов в миграционных потоках Казахстана и их связи с уровнем доходов и расходов населения. Задача состоит в том, чтобы дать объективную оценку ситуации по регионам, а также проследить, как образовательная мобильность трансформирует структуру человеческого капитала. Особое внимание уделяется изменениям в Концепции миграционных устремлений и возможностей (aspirations–capabilities framework) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>] и процессам интеллектуализации миграции [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2">2</xref>], что позволяет рассматривать миграцию не только как количественный отток, но и как качественное перераспределение знаний и компетенций.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Эмпирическую основу исследования составили данные Бюро национальной статистики Республики Казахстан (2000–2024), официальные статистические ресурсы (taldau.stat.gov.kz), а также международные базы Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (OECD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit3">3</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit4">4</xref>], Международная организация по миграции [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit5">5</xref>], Международного центра развития миграционной политики (ICMPD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>] и Open Doors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit7">7</xref>]. Для комплексной оценки были использованы четыре группы индикаторов: (1) доходы и расходы домохозяйств, уровень бедности; (2) демографические показатели (рождаемость, структура домохозяйств, урбанизация); (3) миграционные данные (сальдо внешней и внутренней миграции, потоки по странам и регионам, образовательная мобильность); (4) социальная инфраструктура (наличие вузов, численность студентов).</p><p>Применены методы сравнительного и структурного анализа для оценки взаимосвязи доходов, расходов, рождаемости и миграционных потоков, а также индексный подход для оценки региональной миграционной привлекательности. Также была проведена кластеризация регионов, что позволило выделить группы «регионов-доноров» и «регионов-реципиентов» человеческого капитала.</p><p>Оригинальность / ценность исследования. В исследовании впервые образовательная мобильность анализируется в контексте региональных миграционных дисбалансов и показателей социально-экономического развития. Исследование анализирует неочевидные взаимосвязи между миграционными потоками, доходами, расходами и демографической структурой регионов. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что миграция интерпретируется не только как количественный отток населения, но и как процесс интеллектуализации и перераспределения человеческого капитала.</p><p>Соответственно, подход позволяет выявить скрытые факторы устойчивости и уязвимости: от способности регионов с высокой рождаемостью частично компенсировать потери населения до рисков экономически благополучных территорий, где образовательная мобильность превращается в канал долговременного оттока человеческого капитала, усиливающий региональные диспропорции и влияющий на траектории устойчивого развития страны.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Казахстан, несмотря на изменения объёмов миграции в последние пять лет, сохраняет статус устойчивого канала «утечки умов» [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit8">8</xref>]. Роль Казахстана в качестве источника человеческого капитала, усиливается накопленными региональными различиями в мотивации и несет дополнительные риски для долгосрочного устойчивого развития. Одновременно высокий уровень бедности ограничивает мобильность, формируя феномен «невынужденной иммобильности».</p><p>Региональная специфика проявляется в устойчивой асимметрии: северные и восточные области функционируют как доноры квалифицированного человеческого капитала, в то время как южные и западные территории компенсируют миграционные потери за счёт повышенной рождаемости и внутренних миграционных потоков. Образовательная миграция закрепилась в качестве ключевого канала «утечки мозгов», охватывающего преимущественно высококвалифицированные профессиональные группы (педагоги, экономисты, юристы, технические специалисты), что усиливает риски для инновационного развития и устойчивости экономики.</p><p>Таким образом, результаты исследования фиксируют институционализацию образовательной мобильности как структурного фактора пространственного перераспределения человеческого капитала и подчеркивают необходимость разработки регионально-ориентированных мер миграционной политики, направленных на минимизацию демографических и социально-экономических дисбалансов. В целом, результаты подчёркивают необходимость интеграции регионально-специфических мер в миграционную политику, направленных на минимизацию рисков демографических особенностей регионов и стимулирование репатриации квалифицированных кадров для укрепления национального человеческого потенциала.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study. The purpose of this article is to identify regional imbalances in migration flows in Kazakhstan and to examine their relationship with household income and expenditure. The study seeks to provide an objective regional assessment and to trace how educational mobility transforms the structure of human capital. Particular attention is given to shifts within the aspirations–capabilities framework [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>] and to the processes of migration intellectualization [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2">2</xref>], which enable migration to be conceptualized not merely as a quantitative outflow, but also as a qualitative redistribution of knowledge and competencies.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>Methodology. The empirical basis of the study consists of data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2000–2024), official statistical resources (taldau.stat.gov.kz), as well as international databases of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit3">3</xref>], [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit4">4</xref>], the International Organization for Migration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit5">5</xref>], the International Center for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>], and Open Doors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit7">7</xref>]. Four groups of indicators were employed for a comprehensive assessment: (1) household income, expenditure, and poverty levels; (2) demographic indicators (fertility, household structure, urbanization); (3) migration data (balances of external and internal migration, flows by country and region, educational mobility); and (4) social infrastructure (availability of universities, number of students). Comparative and structural analysis methods were applied to assess the relationships between income, expenditure, fertility, and migration flows. In addition, an index-based approach was used to evaluate regional migration attractiveness, supplemented by regional cluster analysis, which allowed for the identification of “donor” and “recipient” regions of human capital.</p></sec><sec><title>Originality / value</title><p>Originality / value. For the first time, educational mobility is analyzed within the context of regional migration imbalances and socio-economic development indicators. The study highlights previously overlooked interconnections between migration flows, household income and expenditure, and the demographic structure of regions. Its novelty lies in the interpretation of migration not only as a quantitative outflow, but also as a process of intellectualization and redistribution of human capital. This approach enables the identification of hidden factors of resilience and vulnerability: from the ability of high-fertility regions to partially offset population losses to the risks faced by economically prosperous territories, where educational mobility becomes a channel for the long-term outflow of human capital, thereby reinforcing regional disparities and influencing national sustainable development trajectories.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Despite fluctuations in migration volumes over the past five years, Kazakhstan continues to serve as a stable source of “brain drain” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit8">8</xref>]. The country’s role as a provider of human capital is reinforced by persistent regional differences in migration motivations, which carry additional risks for long-term sustainable development. At the same time, high poverty levels constrain mobility, generating the phenomenon of “involuntary immobility.” Regional specificity is reflected in a persistent asymmetric: northern and eastern regions act as donors of qualified human capital, while southern and western regions offset migration losses through higher fertility and internal migration flows. Educational migration has become entrenched as a primary channel of “brain drain,” encompassing predominantly highly qualified professional groups (teachers, economists, lawyers, engineers), thereby amplifying risks to innovation-driven growth and macroeconomic stability. In sum, the study documents the institutionalization of educational mobility as a structural determinant of the spatial redistribution of human capital and underscores the need for regionally differentiated migration policy measures aimed at minimizing demographic and socio-economic imbalances. More broadly, the findings emphasize the importance of integrating region-specific instruments into migration policy, including measures to mitigate regional demographic risks and to promote the repatriation of skilled professionals as a means of strengthening national human potential.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>образовательная мобильность</kwd><kwd>утечка умов</kwd><kwd>региональные дисбалансы</kwd><kwd>человеческий капитал</kwd><kwd>устойчивое развитие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>educational mobility</kwd><kwd>brain drain</kwd><kwd>regional imbalances</kwd><kwd>human capital</kwd><kwd>sustainable development</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Данное исследование проведено в рамках реализации проекта AP22683402 «Внешняя образовательная и трудовая миграция казахстанской молодежи: тенденции и риски» (2024-2026 гг.) по заказу Комитета науки МНВО РК.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research was conducted as part of the project AP22683402 “External Educational and Labor Migration of Kazakhstani Youth: Trends and Risks” (2024–2026), commissioned by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Haas H. 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