<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caer</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Central Asian Economic Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Central Asian Economic Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2789-4398</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2789-4401</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет Нархоз</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52821/2789-4401-2024-2-32-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caer-1134</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: ВЕКТОРЫ РАЗВИТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NATIONAL ECONOMY: DEVELOPMENT VECTORS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Индивидуальный подоходный налог в контексте достижения социальной справедливости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Individual income tax in the context of achieving social justice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0060-9954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берстембаева</surname><given-names>Р. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berstembayeva</surname><given-names>R. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рысты Кудайбергеновна Берстембаева, кандидат экономических наук, ассоциированный профессор</p><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rberstembaeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-5920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ералиева</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yeraliyeva</surname><given-names>Ya. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яна Александровна Ералиева, PhD, профессор</p><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yanaeralieva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Учреждение «ESIL University»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">«ESIL University»<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Нархоз<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Narxoz University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Берстембаева Р.К., Ералиева Я.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Берстембаева Р.К., Ералиева Я.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Berstembayeva R.K., Yeraliyeva Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1134">https://caer.narxoz.kz/jour/article/view/1134</self-uri><abstract><p>   Цель исследования – дать оценку действующей практики индивидуального подоходного налога, обосновать необходимость замены пропорциональной ставки на прогрессивную шкалу.</p><p>   Методология – теоретико-методологическая основа исследования базируется на принципах системного подхода и методах сравнительного, количественного и качественного анализа и экономико-статистической обработки данных.</p><p>   Оригинальность / ценность исследования – особенностью исследования является научное обоснование целесообразности введения прогрессивной шкалы по индивидуальному подоходному налогу, разработка авторской шкалы ставок на основе экономико-математических расчётов.</p><p>   Результаты исследования – действующая практика исчисления индивидуального подоходного налога в республике не способствует достижению социальной справедливости, требует корректировки и введения прогрессивной шкалы, заменяющей действующую единую ставку 10 %. Введение прогрессивной шкалы будет способствовать снижению социальных рисков, нивелированию социального неравенства и повышению налоговых поступлений в бюджет.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Purpose of the research is to assess the current practice of individual income tax, to justify the need to replace the proportional rate with a progressive scale.</p><p>   Methodology – the theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of a systematic approach and methods of comparative, quantitative and qualitative analysis and economic and statistical data processing.</p><p>   Originality / value of the research – a feature of the study is the scientifi c justification of the expediency of introducing a progressive scale for individual income tax, the development of an author's scale of rates based on economic and mathematical calculations.</p><p>   The results of the research show that the current practice of calculating individual income tax in the republic requires adjustments and the introduction of a progressive scale replacing the current single rate of 10 %. The introduction of a progressive scale will contribute to reducing social risks, leveling social inequality and increasing tax revenues to the budget.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прогрессивная шкала</kwd><kwd>индивидуальный подоходный налог</kwd><kwd>социальное неравенство</kwd><kwd>необлагаемый минимум</kwd><kwd>налоговая нагрузка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>progressive scale</kwd><kwd>individual income tax</kwd><kwd>social inequality</kwd><kwd>non-taxable minimum</kwd><kwd>tax burden</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена в рамках научного проекта АР19678553 по грантовому финансированию по научным и / или научно-техническим проектам на 2023-2025 годы Министерства Науки и Высшего Образования Республики Казахстан «Налоговые инструменты нивелирования социального неравенства в Республике Казахстан»</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was prepared within the framework of the scientific project AR19678553 on grant funding for scientifi c and / or scientific and technical projects for 2023-2025 of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Tax instruments for leveling social inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цели в области устойчивого развития [Электронный ресурс] // – Официальный сайт ООН. [web-портал]. – 2022. – URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ru/sustainable-development-goals/ (дата обращения 01. 03. 2022)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Celi v oblasti ustojchivogo razvitiya. (2022). UN Official website. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ru/sustainable-development-goals/ (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уранкаева Ж. Казахстан ухудшил свой рейтинг развития и откатился к уровню 2020 года [Электронный ресурс] // Аналитические издание Курсивъ [web-портал]. – 2023. – https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-06-23/zhnr-ashimbaev-2/ (дата обращения: 20. 08. 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urankaeva, Zh. (2023). Kazahstan uhudshil svoj rejting razvitiya i otkatilsya k urovnyu 2020 goda. Kursiv.kz. Retrieved August 20, 2023, from https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-06-23/zhnr-ashimbaev-2/ (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atkinson A. B. Inequality: What can be done? – Harvard university Press, 2015. – 400 p. – DOI: 10.1017/S0266267116000067.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atkinson, A. B. (2015). Inequality: What can be done? Harvard University Press. 400 p. DOI: 10.1017/S0266267116000067.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шкаратан О. И. Социально-экономическое неравенство в современном мире и становление новых форм социального расслоения в России // Мир России. – 2018. – № 2(27). – С. 6–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shkaratan, O. I. (2018). Social'no-ekonomicheskoe neravenstvo v sovremennom mire i stanovlenie novyh form social'nogo rassloeniya v Rossii. Mir Rossii, 2(27), 6–35 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пугачев А. А. Налоговые инструменты в системе факторов воздействия государства на неравенство // Налоги и налогообложение. – 2022. – № 3. – С. 16-31. – DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.3.37827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugachev, A. A. (2022). Nalogovye instrumenty v sisteme faktorov vozdejstviya gosudarstva na neravenstvo. Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie, 3, 16–31. DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.3.37827 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paes N. L., Bugarin M. N. S. Reforma tributaria: Impactos distributivos, sobre o bem-estar e a progressividade // Revista Brasileira de Economia. – 2006. – № 1(60). – P. 33–56. – DOI: 10.1590/S0034-71402006000100003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paes, N. L., &amp; Bugarin, M. N. S. (2006). Reforma tributaria: Impactos distributivos, sobre o bem-estar e a progressividade. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 1(60), 33–56. DOI: 10.1590/S0034-71402006000100003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H.-J. Some models for progressive taxation // Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society. – 2018. – № 3(33). – P. 823–831. – DOI: 10.4134/CKMS.c170272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim, H.-J. (2018). Some models for progressive taxation. Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society, 3(33), 823–831. DOI: 10.4134/CKMS.c170272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagstaff A., Doorslaer E. What makes the personal income tax progressive? A comparative analysis for fifteen OECD countries // International Tax and Public Finance. – 2001. – № 3(8). – P. 299–316. – DOI: 10.1023/A:1011268209860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagstaff , A., &amp; Doorslaer, E. (2001). What makes the personal income tax progressive? A comparative analysis for fi fteen OECD countries. International Tax and Public Finance, 3(8), 299–316. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011268209860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larcinese V. Personal and household income taxation in a progressive tax system: Evidence from Italy // Economics Bulletin. – 2005. – № 1(3). – P. 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larcinese, V. (2005). Personal and household income taxation in a progressive tax system: Evidence from Italy. Economics Bulletin, 1(3), 1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serrano-Puente D. Optimal progressivity of personal income tax: A general equilibrium evaluation for Spain // SERIEs. – 2020. – № 11. – P. 407–455. – doi: 10.1007/s13209-020-00226-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serrano-Puente, D. (2020). Optimal progressivity of personal income tax: A general equilibrium evaluation for Spain. SERIEs, 11, 407–455. DOI: 10.1007/s13209-020-00226-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stephenson A. V. The impact of personal income tax structure on income inequality for Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, and Poland: A comparison of flat and graduated income tax structures // Atlantic Economic Journal. – 2018. – № 46. – P. 405–417. – doi: 10.1007/s11293-018-9601-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stephenson, A. V. (2018). The impact of personal income tax structure on income inequality for Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, and Poland: A comparison of flat and graduated income tax structures. Atlantic Economic Journal, 46, 405–417. DOI: 10.1007/s11293-018-9601-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picetty T., Saez E., Zucman G. Distributive national accounts method and estimates for United States // The Quarterly Jornal of Economics. – 2020. – № 133(2). – P. 586-587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Picetty, T., Saez, E., &amp; Zucman, G. (2020). Distributive national accounts method and estimates for United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(2), 586-587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozdzierz A. Tax Police and Inequality in the Visegrad Countries. Nase gospodarstvo // Our Economy. – 2015. – № 61(6). – Р. 12-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozdzierz, A. (2015). Tax Police and Inequality in the Visegrad Countries. Nase gospodarstvo // Our Economy, 61(6), 12-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mihaescu F., Voinea L. The impact of the Flat Tax Reform on Inequality: The case of Romania // Wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Papers. – 2009. – № 81. – P. 23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mihaescu, F., &amp; Voinea, L. (2009). The impact of the Flat Tax Reform on Inequality: The case of Romania. Wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Papers, 81, 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belozyorov S. A., Sokolovska O.V. Personal income taxation and income inequality in Asia-Pacific: A cross-country analysis // Journal of Tax Reform. – 2018. – 3(4). – P. 236–249. – doi: 10.15826/jtr.2018.4.3.054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belozyorov, S. A., &amp; Sokolovska, O. V. (2018). Personal income taxation and income inequality in Asia-Pacific: A cross-country analysis. Journal of Tax Reform, 3(4), 236–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2018.4.3.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balatsky E. V., Ekimova N. A. Evaluating scenarios of personal income tax reform in Russia // Journal of Tax Reform. – 2019. – № 1(5). – P. 6-22. – doi: 10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.057.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balatsky, E. V., &amp; Ekimova, N. A. (2019). Evaluating scenarios of personal income tax reform in Russia. Journal of Tax Reform, 1(5), 6-22. DOI: 10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.057.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муравлева Т. В., Орловская Д. Д. Опасные рифы и триумфы введения прогрессивной шкалы по НДФЛ в России // Экономическая безопасность и качество. – 2019. – № 3(1). – С. 50–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muravleva, T. V., &amp; Orlovskaya, D. D. (2019). Opasnye rify i triumfy vvedeniya progressivnoj shkaly po NDFL v Rossii. Ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost' i kachestvo, 3(1), 50–54 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапов Д. Е., Майбуров И. А. Возможности учета реальной налоговой нагрузки при моделировании шкалы подоходного налогообложения // Journal of Applied Economic Research. – 2020. – № 2(19). – С. 129–148. – DOI: 10.15826/vestnik.2020.19.2.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapov, D. E., &amp; Majburov, I. A. (2020). Vozmozhnosti ucheta real'noj nalogovoj nagruzki pri modelirovanii shkaly podohodnogo nalogooblozheniya. Journal of Applied Economic Research, 2(19), 129–148. DOI: 10.15826/vestnik.2020.19.2.007 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Налоги в странах мира [Электронный ресурс] // Правовые вопросы [web-сайт]. – б. д. – URL: https://pravq.ru/nalogi/nalogi-v-stranah-mira (Дата обращения: 20. 01. 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nalogi v stranah mira. (n.d.). Pravovye voprosy. Retrieved January 20, 2024, from https://pravq.ru/nalogi/nalogi-v-stranah-mira (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берстембаева Р. К. Финансовые системы зарубежных государств. Учебное пособие. – Алматы: Самара-Принт, 2009. – 296 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berstembaeva, R. K. (2009). Finansovye sistemy zarubezhnyh gosudarstv. Textbook. Almaty: Samara-Print. 296 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Викторова Н. Г., Аитова Л. К. Подоходный налог в странах БРИКС: аналитический аспект // Актуальные проблемы науки и практики. – 2016. – № 1(002). – С. 22–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viktorova, N. G., &amp; Aitova, L. K. (2016). Podohodnyj nalog v stranah BRIKS: analiticheskij aspekt. Aktual'nye problemy nauki i praktiki, 1(002), 22–26 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Троянская М. А., Ермакова Е. А. Мониторинг мирового опыта налогового регулирования // Вестник Саратовского государственного социально-экономического университета. – 2014. – № 3(52). – С. 91–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troyanskaya, M. A., &amp; Ermakova, E. A. (2014). Monitoring mirovogo opyta nalogovogo regulirovaniya. Vestnik Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo social'no-ekonomicheskogo universiteta, 3(52), 91–95 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нигматулина И. Ф. Налоговая политика государства и развитие ее социальной направленности // Инновационное развитие экономики. – 2018. – № 5. – С. 21–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nigmatulina, I. F. (2018). Nalogovaya politika gosudarstva i razvitie ee social'noj napravlennosti. Innovacionnoe razvitie ekonomiki, 5, 21–26 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамбекова А., Кульжабаева М., Ералиева Я. Шкала справедливости // «КУРСИВ». – 11 февраля 2021. – №5(873). – С. 6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adambekova, A., Kul'zhabaeva, M., &amp; Eralieva, YA. (2021). Shkala spravedlivosti. KURSIV, 5(873), 6 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ставка подоходного налога – Список стран [Электронный ресурс] // Trading Economics [web-сайт]. – 2023. – URL: https://ru.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/personal-income-tax-rate (Дата обращения: 20. 01. 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stavka podohodnogo naloga – Spisok stran. (2023). Trading Economics. Retrieved January 20, 2024, from https://ru.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/personal-income-tax-rate</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинина О. В. Методологические инновационные аспекты перехода на прогрессивное подоходное налогообложение граждан // Бухгалтерский учет в бюджетных и некоммерческих организациях. – 2018. – № 8. – С. 10-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinina, O. V. (2018). Metodologicheskie innovacionnye aspekty perekhoda na progressivnoe podohodnoe nalogooblozhenie grazhdan. Buhgalterskij uchet v byudzhetnyh i nekommercheskih organizaciyah, 8, 10-22 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ищук Т. Л., Баймухаметова А. С. Прогрессивное подоходное налогообложение физических лиц и расчёт шкалы прогресс на основе программного продукта // Налоги и налогообложение. – 2021. – № 2. – С. 1-27. – URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/progressivnoe-podohodnoe-nalogooblozhenie-fizicheskih-lits-i-raschet-shkaly-progressii-na-osnove-programmnogo-produkta?ysclid=lymm4j1ed4846453512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishchuk, T. L., &amp; Bajmuhametova, A. S. (2021). Progressivnoe podohodnoe nalogooblozhenie fizicheskih lic i raschyot shkaly progress na osnove programmnogo produkta. Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie, 2, 1-27. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/progressivnoe-podohodnoe-nalogooblozhenie-fizicheskih-lits-i-raschet-shkaly-progressii-na-osnove-programmnogo-produkta?ysclid=lymm4j1ed4846453512. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Основные показатели дифференциации доходов населения РК за 2022 год [Электронный ресурс] // Бюро национальной статистики Агентства по стратегическому планированию и реформам Республики Казахстан [web-сайт]. – 2022. – URL: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/labor-and-income/stat-life/publications/6448/ (Дата обращения: 15. 01. 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osnovnye pokazateli diff erenciacii dohodov naseleniya RK za 2022 god. (2022). Bureau of National Statistics Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/labor-and-income/stat-life/publications/6448/ (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
